How Anne Boleyn Lost Her Head

The Last Days of Anne Boleyn | BBC Documentary
Anne Boleyn’s sudden and violent downfall has captivated and fiercely divided historians, writers and amateur enthusiasts for centuries, thanks to its intoxicating elements of romance, power, sex, religion and political intrigue.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmWTkALTja0

Images:
1. May 19, 1536 execution of Anne Boleyn executed by French swordsman.
2. Anne on the eve of her execution in May 18, 1536
3. An engraving of the Tower taken from Old London Illustrated, by Brewer and Cox, shows the Tower as it would have looked in Anne’s day A= The Queen’s Apartment; B=The Cold Harbour Gate; C=The Inner Ward; D=The Great Hall; E=The White Tower; F=The Jewel House.
4. The remnants of the Coldharbour Gate, which once secured the entrance to the Inner Ward, and the royal palace, at the Tower

Background from {[ https://thetudortravelguide.com/2019/05/18/the-royal-apartments-at-the-tower/]}
Today marks the anniversary of English queen Anne Boleyn executed on charges that were almost certainly entirely fabricated. She joined her five co-accused in death at the hands of the swordsman from Calais. Her name was Anne Boleyn. In this article, we are honouring her memory in a slightly unusual blog. I invite you to imagine you are transported back in time to 19 May 1536. Standing in the courtyard of the palace at the Tower of London, you are an unseen witness as the queen is led from her royal apartments, before we head inside together to explore the chambers once built in her honour, and which now lie deserted.

‘Good Christian People, I Have Come Here to Die’

There was nothing left to do but die. However, the queen had long been prepared. Emerging from the royal apartments, at the top of a wooden staircase, she casts a slim silhouette. Anne Boleyn is dressed in an English gown of dark, grey damask worn over a crimson, taffeta kirtle, whilst an English hood is fixed in place over a netted, white, linen coif that covers her lustrous auburn hair. She glances up to drink in the beauty of an almost clear, morning sky, smudged only here and there by the faintest wisps of clouds that float lazily across London’s skyline. From atop the adjacent White Tower, a raven caws out its raucous call, shattering the silence within the courtyard below. It is an impossibly perfect Spring day.

Yet, she has not come to revel in its loveliness; she is here to give up her life. For the king, once her lover, has tired of her and demands it is so.


Accompanied by Master Kingston and four ladies in waiting, Anne Boleyn, condemned traitor and adulteress, found guilty of incest, just four days earlier, picks up the skirts of her damask gown and carefully makes her way down the flight of 15 steps. At the bottom, the king’s guard awaits her. Arranged in two rows of yeoman, they are paired, facing each other, to form a long corridor that extends away from the base of the privy stair towards the mighty Cold Harbour Gate. Each of them stands attentive, motionless, swords slung at their sides, halberds balanced erect in their right hands. Every brawny fellow is dressed in their familiar bright-red livery, decorated across their puffed sleeves and skirts with guards of blue velvet, while flat, felt caps sit upon their closely-shaven heads.

She begins her final walk from the royal apartments, Master Kingston in front, her ladies following in pairs behind. One foot in front of the other, the pressure of the earth beneath her feet, the rustle of her skirts as her hips sway in their usual, elegant fashion. Moving out of the shadow cast by the bulk of the queen’s lodgings, the gentle warmth of the sun touches her back. Anne makes her way along the path that runs alongside the King’s Jewel House to her right; she remembers how Henry once brought her here to show her the treasures of England, bestowing upon her the precious plate, worthy of her elevation as consort to the king. In contrast, over to her left and across the courtyard, the towering pitched roof of the medieval Great Hall stands resolutely, a witness to her recent conviction.

She has no time to dwell on such things. The little party soon reaches the south-west corner of the White Tower, where it swings right, beneath the imposing Cold Harbour Gate and begins its gradual climb to the large, open space beyond. Here, the scaffold, draped in sombre black, awaits. As she disappears from sight, Anne leaves behind the royal palace and the apartments which were built to glorify the name of Anne Boleyn. Although her body will lie for eternity within a stone’s throw from the palace, she will never see the interiors of the royal apartments again.


The Royal Apartments: From Palace to Prison

One of THE most common and enduring misperceptions about Anne’s final seventeen days in the Tower of London was that she was held in some dreary dungeon – not helped one iota by film-makers’ insistence on showing such cringe-worthy scenes. Let’s strike all that from our minds once and for all! Mercifully, when Anne was committed to the Tower on 2 May 1536, one of the few comforts granted to her was that she was allowed to stay in the same lodgings that had housed her during those heady midsummer days of 1533: the queen’s lodgings, part of the royal palace at the Tower.

Unlike Anne, whose story, character and accomplishments remain scorched into the collective memory of the thousands of lives she continues to touch, the buildings erected for her by Henry VIII have long since been lost. This is with the exception of a few foundation footings still visible in the ground. I fell in love with these buildings whilst writing Le Temps Viendra: a Novel of Anne Boleyn and spent many happy hours recreating them in my mind. I ‘lived’ in them in my imagination for a couple of months, as a I wrote about the final, harrowing few weeks of the queen’s life. Now, what remains with me, I’d like to share with you. So, read on if you want to uncover these evocative buildings, associated with this most formidable of women.


Inside Anne Boleyn’s Abandoned Palace
There had been royal apartments on the site, in one form or another, since 1220. During the reign of Henry II, a permanent inner ward (C) was created and separate lodgings for both the king and queen were constructed, including a Great Hall (D).

The entrance to the inner ward was through the Cold Harbour Gate (B). Remnants of the gate can still be seen abutting the west wall of the White Tower today. Once inside the inner ward, in front of you once existed a complex of buildings arranged around an irregular triangular courtyard.

Running diagonally from the Cold Harbour Gate towards the Great Hall was a line of brick-built Tudor lodgings/offices. The thirteenth century hall occupied the southernmost aspect of the courtyard, while a series of buildings ran at right angles from the hall towards the south-east corner of the White Tower and the Wardrobe Tower, thereby completing the far side of the inner ward. These latter buildings formed the newly built queen’s apartments. Finally, abutting the southern wall of the White Tower was the Jewel House (F).

At the turn of the sixteenth century, Henry VII had significantly enlarged the king’s lodgings. He added a new tower including, amongst others rooms, a bedchamber, library and chamber for ‘my Lady, the King’s Mother’. Then, in 1532, Henry VIII ordered Cromwell to organise the refurbishment of the royal apartments on both the king and queen’s sides. These had not been used since 1520, and were said to be ‘wonderously foul’! Whilst the old Queen’s Watching Chamber was simply refurbished, but otherwise retained, a whole new suite of rooms was added for Anne’s coronation celebrations.

Now it’s time for us to stroll through the recently abandoned palace. Let’s rewind the clock, let the centuries fall away, and imagine that we are there, just as Anne takes her final walk toward the scaffold.

Standing in the inner ward, enter the Great Hall via its porch. Immediately, you notice how cool is the air. You stop for a moment, awestruck by the cavernous space surrounding you. The hall, some 60 feet in length has thick, stone walls, a vaulted ceiling and two lines of soaring pillars of cold, Purbeck marble, forming a central, and two outer, aisles. On either side, enormous windows illuminate the space.

Straightaway you are confronted with two, huge ranges of seats sited along each length of the hall. These were hastily arranged to accommodate the enormous level of public curiosity aroused by the trial of England’s ‘goggle eyed whore’. However, in all this sad and bloody drama, they have not yet been dismantled. It is then you notice that in the centre of the space is a raised wood dais, set out in front of the king’s canopy of estate. Upon the dais, a chair remains abandoned behind the bar at which Anne had launched a most spirited defence of her innocence. Ghostly echoes of shouts from the crowd and the verdict of ‘guilty’ ring out in the silence.

A shiver runs down your spine as you cross the hall and make your way through a doorway at the high (far) end. Beyond lies the King’s Great Watching Chamber, part of the original medieval suite of rooms. It is much smaller than the great hall, maybe a fifth of the size. Empty now, since everyone who is permitted in the Tower has gathered to watch Anne’s execution; you move on to the door at the far end of the chamber. The ‘portall’ is embellished with ‘panels of drapery work….with a crest of antyk upon its head’. Peeking your head through the doorway, you find yourself directly in the Queen’s Great Watching Chamber. The space is empty. You are alone.
You are struck by just how much larger this chamber is; at about seventy feet by thirty feet, it is one-and-a-half times as long, and twice as wide, as the king’s. Such preference shown to the queen’s side is virtually unheard of in any of Henry’s other houses. Standing in these rooms, you realise that Henry had truly meant for his new queen to take centre stage during those blissfully happy days of 1533. Like every great watching chamber, there is precious little furniture to adorn it. Instead, it is the fabulous soft furnishings, the painted frieze running around the top third of the walls, and the elaborate moulded and painted fretwork of the ceiling, that gives it its magnificence.

Beyond the Great Watching Chamber lies Anne’s Presence Chamber; usually two guards stand on either side of the doorway as burly sentinels, preventing entry to any unauthorised persons. But no-one stands guard now, for their prisoner – their queen – is gone. And so you pass through the open door unmolested.

This room sits at right angles to the last on an east-west axis. As you enter, a blaze of golden sunlight falls in great shafts upon the black and white chequerboard floor beneath your feet. The space is illuminated by a large window positioned high above the dais, at the western end of the hall. Built at the same time that the great refurbishment of Whitehall was well underway, three years earlier, it is unsurprising that the two interiors closely resemble one another.

You look up in awe to the pretty gabled roof. The vaulted ceiling is carved from great oak beams and decorated along its length with finely sculpted heraldic emblems and mythical beasts, all brightly painted with red, blue and gold. However, it is the sophisticated decoration of the walls that you most admire. Tapestries cover the walls to the north and south; whilst at each end of the chamber, oak panelling has been carved into the most intricate designs. Life-sized classical figures, angels, beasts and garlands of flowers and fruit form a backdrop to where the queen’s canopy of state once hung. However, Anne is in disgrace and so the canopy is gone.

A doorway on the far side of the room invites you to explore what lies beyond. You are surprised to see a gallery, unusually positioned between the Queen’s Presence Chamber and her privy lodgings, which are reached from its far end. It is a large, airy space, positioned here to provide a suitable stage for the many grand ceremonial events held in the palace for those brief few days before Anne’s summer coronation.

You wander along its length, catching sight of the privy gardens stretching out beneath the windows on your right hand side, with the inner ward visible through the windows to your left. All along its length, the gallery is covered in wainscoted panelling, decorated with yet more ‘antyk work’, with pictures hung here and there. Some you have never seen before, and yet strangely, you recognise their familiar faces.

Finally at the far end, another doorway leads you through into Anne’s privy chambers: her bedchamber and privy chamber. Inside these chambers, you still sense her presence; scrawled writing upon a piece of parchment lying on the table – maybe a letter of farewell she hopes will be delivered; a book of prayer discarded upon a chair, even the scent of her perfume lingers. As you trace your finger across the edge of an oak table, reflecting upon a love so deeply betrayed, the cannons of the Tower roar out their angry declaration that Anne Boleyn is dead.


Note:
Although the walk I have taken you on is fictional, the rooms described reflect the layout of the royal palace at the Tower; at least as far as we currently understand them, and the interiors based on those typical of the period, or in accounts recorded during works undertaken at the palace. Particularly informative sources, drawn upon in writing this blog, include:

• The Royal Houses of Tudor England, by Simon Thurley
• Houses of Power, by Simon Thurley
• The History of the King’s Works, by Colvin et al.

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The Tragic Execution Of Anne Boleyn | The Lovers Who Changed History | Real Royalty
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPDhxRd1azE

Images:
1. Tower of London Orange Circle-Tower Hill; Purple Arrow-Bell Tower, Red Arrow-Royal Apartments, Black Circle-Byward Gate, ... Blue Arrow St Peter ad Vincula, Black X site of the scaffold.
2. Anne Boleyn Clock, reputed to have been given by King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn on the morning of their marriage in 1532, Royal Collection Trust
3. Cardinal Wolsey and courtiers with, on the right, the King Henry VIII meeting Anne Boleyn at the Cardinal's residence, York Place, later Whitehall Palace.
4. Anne Boleyn by William Nelson Gardiner

Background from {[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/oct/25/chilling-find-shows-how-henry-viii-planned-every-detail-of-boleyn-beheading/]}
Who actually witnessed Anne Boleyn's beheading?
Several thousand people saw Anne Boleyn die. Some narratives say two thousand. Dying in the Tower was considered a “private” death, but the Tower was open to the public. After Anne was convicted, it seems the crowd anticipated when she’d be executed and milled around inside the gates. They delayed the execution twice, hoping people would give up and leave, but the crowds only got larger.
William Kingston wrote about it anxiously in his daily dispatches to Cromwell. He expected that Anne would declare her innocence in front of the crowd, and so he’d been ordered to keep the audience as small as possible. But their paltry ruses hadn’t deterred the people determined to witness this event.
It’s interesting they were worried about Anne publicly declaring she wasn’t guilty. Normally, even innocent people submitted with grace to the law and the will of the king. (“Dying well” was a point of pride with the nobility.) They would declare that they were sinners who deserved death, even if they weren’t technically guilty of the crime of which they’d been accused. They would then ask the audience to pray for them, and to pray for the king.
But nothing like this had ever happened - a crowned and anointed Queen of England being executed. The anointing created a sacred bond, elevating the monarch above ordinary mortals. They were accountable only to God. But Henry, in his eagerness to rid himself of a wife he’d come to despise, didn’t care about the damage he was doing to the aura of untouchability of the monarchy. He was too busy celebrating in the most crass and ostentatious manner possible with her replacement to consider that he was setting a deadly precedent in making an anointed monarch accountable to a jury of ordinary nobles (a monarch, of course, had no peers.)
Kingston had witnessed Anne swearing on the Host that she was innocent and that was a powerful thing in that era. To the Tudors, it was instant damnation to lie on the Body of Christ - when word spread of what Anne had done, it went far to rehabilitate her reputation. No one believed a woman due to meet her maker would damn her immortal soul by lying on the Host. Kingston knew an innocent woman was about to mount that scaffold, a situation he may never have anticipated.
Cromwell had instructed Kingston especially to clear the Tower of any “foreigners” in the audience; they were concerned that Anne’s words would spread to foreign courts as well. Henry was quite aware of the shocking nature of what he was doing and hoped to control the narrative as much as possible.
The morning of Anne’s execution on May 19 was bright and beautiful. The Green was crowded with a multitude of people, surrounding the scaffold that was built high to allow a clear view of her. She walked from the Royal Apartments, located behind the White Tower, through the now-vanished Coldharbor Gate to the northwest corner of the White Tower. The spot isn’t where the glass memorial is today; it’s actually under the Parade Ground pavement.

She carried a prayer book in her hands and read from it as she walked, but she kept glancing back over her shoulder. Was she looking for a messenger, riding into the Tower with a pardon in his hand? It's possible that Anne expected - up to the very last instant - that Henry would relent and pardon her, and send her to a nunnery, as Cranmer may have promised to get her to sign the annulment papers.
That morning, Anne Boleyn wore a gable hood. Likely she had chosen it not for fashion's sake, but because it was a purely English style.

Over her gown, she wore an ermine mantle. By all accounts, it was a beautiful, warm spring morning, so she wasn't wearing the cloak to ward off the chill, but to emphasize her regal status. Though she had been ordered to surrender her crown after her conviction, she was never actually stripped of the title of Queen. The king’s records continued to refer to her as “the late queen,” a courtesy not extended to Henry’s other discarded wives.
She reached the scaffold. It was bedecked with dozens of yards of expensive black velvet, as suited her queenly rank - until the very last moment, the niceties must be observed. She climbed the few steps to the straw-strewn stage.
Anne had now been awake for forty-eight hours because of the execution being delayed, but she seemed to show no sign of her exhaustion. The Bishop of Riez, one of the "foreigners" whose attendance Henry hoped to avoid, wrote later that she had never looked more beautiful. In her final moments, Anne Boleyn was truly worthy of the title of queen, regal and brave. She comforted her ladies, with an "untroubled countenance."
This is something remarkable that’s often not noted. Henry had intentionally chosen women who were hostile to Anne, friends of his daughter Mary and his ex-wife, Katharine of Aragon. Some believe that he relented after her conviction and allowed friends to be with her in her final days, but there’s no record of it, and Kingston was ordered to record her every move. What happened was that the women who despised Anne when they first joined her in the Tower had come to care for her deeply. They cried so hard on the scaffold that one witness said they seemed “bereft of souls” (the living damned.) The women ended up risking the king’s rage to make sure her remains were treated with respect. Recent fiction has depicted Anne as a deeply unpleasant woman, spiteful and bitchy. Had she been so nasty as portrayed, it seems highly unlikely the women assigned to serve her would have come to care for her so much they would risk their own skins to make sure she was treated decently in death.
Many of the highest nobles in the land were present, people Anne had seen every day at court. However, none of Anne’s family, save her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk and her aunt, Lady Shelton, were present.
Henry FitzRoy, the king's bastard son, also stood in the crowd. Only days before, his father had hugged him and wept that FitzRoy should praise God he and his half-sister Mary had been preserved from that "venomous whore" who wished to poison them. FitzRoy had sat on the jury which condemned Anne to the scaffold, and now he was here as his father's witness.
The executioner, a French swordsman, knelt before her to beg for forgiveness. Historian Alison Weir notes that for him to have reached London in time for the execution, he would have to have been summoned before Anne's trial even began. Anne said the expected words granting him forgiveness in French, and asked that he not perform his office until she said what she needed to say.
One can almost feel the tense intake of breath that must have swept through the court officials present. Would Anne defy convention and swear her innocence before this crowd?
But Anne kept her dignity and poise. She said she would speak nothing against her sentence, and praised the king as a good and gentle prince. She asked the onlookers to pray for her.
With that, she handed away her prayer book and began to disrobe. Off came her ermine-trimmed cloak, necklace, and hood - which she had to remove herself, because her ladies were trembling too badly. Her gray damask gown was unlaced. Perhaps there was another intake of breath when her scarlet kirtle was revealed. Scarlet, the color of martyrs. Anne had always known how to make a statement without saying a word.
The gown was laid aside for the executioner, part of his traditional payment. Her auburn hair was carefully tucked up into a white cap, leaving her long, slender neck bare.
Anne knelt, and took a moment to carefully tuck her kirtle around her feet to avoid immodestly exposing her ankles when her body fell. Accounts vary as to whether she was blindfolded. I don't think she was.
She bowed her head and began to pray.
And then, something remarkable happened. One by one, the thousand people watching dropped to their knees in the grass, and began to pray with her. Some openly wept. Only FitzRoy and Charles Brandon remained standing, likely staring around with incredulity at what was happening. Such a thing is reported at no other execution of the era. I have a wistful hope that Anne saw it and was touched by their tribute.

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