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On October 20, 1917, suffragette Alice Paul began a 7 month jail sentence for protesting women's rights in Washington DC. From the article:
"Alice Paul
1885-1977
Edited by Debra Michals, PhD
A vocal leader of the twentieth century women’s suffrage movement, Alice Paul advocated for and helped secure passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, granting women the right to vote. Paul next authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, which has yet to be adopted.
Born on January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New Jersey, Paul was the oldest of four children of Tacie Parry and William Paul, a wealthy Quaker businessman. Paul’s parents embraced gender equality, education for women, and working to improve society. Paul’s mother, a suffragist, brought her daughter with her to women’s suffrage meetings.
Paul attended Swarthmore College, a Quaker school cofounded by her grandfather, graduating with a biology degree in 1905. She attended the New York School of Philanthropy (now Columbia University) and received a Master of Arts degree in sociology in 1907. She then went to England to study social work, and after returning, earned a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1910.
While in England, Paul met American Lucy Burns, and joining the women’s suffrage efforts there, they learned militant protest tactics, including picketing and hunger strikes. Back in the United States, in 1912, Paul and Burns joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), with Paul leading the Washington, DC chapter. NAWSA primarily focused on state-by-state campaigns; Paul preferred to lobby Congress for a constitutional amendment. Such differences led Paul and others to split with NAWSA and form the National Woman's Party.
Borrowing from her British counterparts, Paul organized parades and pickets in support of suffrage. Her first—and the largest—was in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913, the day before President-elect Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration. Approximately eight thousand women marched with banners and floats down Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the White House, while a half million spectators watched, supported and harassed the marchers. On March 17, Paul and other suffragists met with Wilson, who said it was not yet time for an amendment to the Constitution. On April 7, Paul organized a demonstration and founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage to focus specifically on lobbying Congress.
In January 1917, Paul and over 1,000 “Silent Sentinels” began eighteen months of picketing the White House, standing at the gates with such signs as, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?” They endured verbal and physical attacks from spectators, which increased after the US entered World War I. Instead of protecting the women’s right to free speech and peaceful assembly, the police arrested them on the flimsy charge of obstructing traffic. Paul was sentenced to jail for seven months, where she organized a hunger strike in protest. Doctors threatened to send Paul to an insane asylum and force-fed her, while newspaper accounts of her treatment garnered public sympathy and support for suffrage. By 1918, Wilson announced his support for suffrage. It took two more years for the Senate, House, and the required 36 states to approve the amendment.
Afterward, Paul and the National Women’s Party focused on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to guarantee women constitutional protection from discrimination. Paul spent her life advocating for this and other women’s issues. The ERA was ratified by 35 states in the 1970s, but by the 1982 deadline was three states short of 38 needed to become a constitutional amendment."
"Alice Paul
1885-1977
Edited by Debra Michals, PhD
A vocal leader of the twentieth century women’s suffrage movement, Alice Paul advocated for and helped secure passage of the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution, granting women the right to vote. Paul next authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, which has yet to be adopted.
Born on January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New Jersey, Paul was the oldest of four children of Tacie Parry and William Paul, a wealthy Quaker businessman. Paul’s parents embraced gender equality, education for women, and working to improve society. Paul’s mother, a suffragist, brought her daughter with her to women’s suffrage meetings.
Paul attended Swarthmore College, a Quaker school cofounded by her grandfather, graduating with a biology degree in 1905. She attended the New York School of Philanthropy (now Columbia University) and received a Master of Arts degree in sociology in 1907. She then went to England to study social work, and after returning, earned a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1910.
While in England, Paul met American Lucy Burns, and joining the women’s suffrage efforts there, they learned militant protest tactics, including picketing and hunger strikes. Back in the United States, in 1912, Paul and Burns joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), with Paul leading the Washington, DC chapter. NAWSA primarily focused on state-by-state campaigns; Paul preferred to lobby Congress for a constitutional amendment. Such differences led Paul and others to split with NAWSA and form the National Woman's Party.
Borrowing from her British counterparts, Paul organized parades and pickets in support of suffrage. Her first—and the largest—was in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913, the day before President-elect Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration. Approximately eight thousand women marched with banners and floats down Pennsylvania Avenue from the Capitol to the White House, while a half million spectators watched, supported and harassed the marchers. On March 17, Paul and other suffragists met with Wilson, who said it was not yet time for an amendment to the Constitution. On April 7, Paul organized a demonstration and founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage to focus specifically on lobbying Congress.
In January 1917, Paul and over 1,000 “Silent Sentinels” began eighteen months of picketing the White House, standing at the gates with such signs as, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?” They endured verbal and physical attacks from spectators, which increased after the US entered World War I. Instead of protecting the women’s right to free speech and peaceful assembly, the police arrested them on the flimsy charge of obstructing traffic. Paul was sentenced to jail for seven months, where she organized a hunger strike in protest. Doctors threatened to send Paul to an insane asylum and force-fed her, while newspaper accounts of her treatment garnered public sympathy and support for suffrage. By 1918, Wilson announced his support for suffrage. It took two more years for the Senate, House, and the required 36 states to approve the amendment.
Afterward, Paul and the National Women’s Party focused on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to guarantee women constitutional protection from discrimination. Paul spent her life advocating for this and other women’s issues. The ERA was ratified by 35 states in the 1970s, but by the 1982 deadline was three states short of 38 needed to become a constitutional amendment."
Alice Paul
Posted from womenshistory.org
American History
Feminism
Voting
Protest
1st Amendment
Posted 4 y ago
Responses: 9
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Thank you my friend SGT (Join to see) for making us aware that on October 20, 1917, suffragette Alice Stokes Paul began a 7 month jail sentence for protesting women's rights in Washington DC.
Alice Stokes Paul
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7FoJtwbYmM
Images:
1. Alice Stokes Paul New York Times
2. Alice Stokes Paul being lifted up by a policeman
3. Alice Stokes Paul
4. Alice Stokes Paul seated
Background from {[ https://sites.google.com/site/alicepaulbio2/home]}
“Alice Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century” (Alice Paul Institute, Inc, 2010). Alice Paul helped create the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in 1913, which became the National Woman’s Party in 1917. “Her life symbolizes the long struggle for justice in the United States and around the world. Her vision was the ordinary notion that women and men should be equal partners in society” (Alice Paul Institute, Inc, 2010). Alice Paul was a major advocate against women suffrage and enforcing women rights. She believed in equality and was one of the contributors to passing the 19th Constitutional Amendment which gave women the right to vote. Alice Paul also contributed to the Equal Rights Amendment.
Alice Paul - Famous Quotes
"I never doubted that equal rights was the right direction. Most reforms, most problems are complicated. But to me there is nothing complicated about ordinary equality."
"The Woman's Party is made up of women of all races, creeds and nationalities who are united on the one program of working to raise the status of women."
"There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it."
“Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey on January 11, 1885, just five years before the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).The oldest of four children, Alice grew up in a family committed to social justice. Her parents, William M. Paul, a businessman and president of the Burlington County Trust Company, and Tacie Parry, belonged to the Society of Friends and instilled in Alice the Quaker values of discipline, service, honesty, and equality between the sexes. Alice’s mother was one of the first women to attend Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania and she took Alice to her first suffrage meeting when she was just a child (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
When Alice was just sixteen her father died suddenly of pneumonia. The family, though financially secure, accepted the guidance and authority of a male relative, whose conservative views created some tension in the household. Alice who had attended a Quaker school in Moorestown, left home to attend Swarthmore College where she studied biology because it was something that she didn’t know much about. Alice discovered politics and economics in her senior year of college. “Professor Robert Brooks recommended her for a College Settlement Association fellowship at the New York School of Philanthropy. When she graduated from Swarthmore in 1905, Alice spent a year there studying social work” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
During this time, in the early 1900’s women were denied the right to vote and they didn’t have equal opportunities. In the fall of 1907, Paul interrupted her studies at the University of Pennsylvania to accept a fellowship in social work at the Quaker training school in Woodbridge, England. While she was studying at the University of Birmingham, a woman was prevented from addressing a university audience there by a hostile crowd. Alice had never before witnessed outright opposition to the suffrage cause, and was shocked (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). On the invitation of the Charity Organization Society of London, she became a caseworker in Dalston and attended her first suffrage parade there in 1908. For the next two years, she worked closely with the Women's Social and Political Union, participating in the more militant strategies of British feminism: demonstrations, imprisonment, and hunger strikes” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).While in London from 1906 to 1909, Alice became politically active and unafraid to use dramatic tactics in support of a cause. “Alice joined a group of women that engaged in direct and visible measures such as window smashing, rock throwing, etc to raise public awareness of woman suffrage. This activity helped them get media attention, front-page coverage on London newspapers where they were seen being carried away in handcuffs by the police. Alice reportedly broke more than forty-eight windows and was arrested and imprisoned on several occasions. Women suffrages, including Alice protested while they were imprisoned by going on hunger strikes. They were brutally forced and fed with tubes thru their noses (Alice Paul Institute, 2010). The jail systems knew that if any of the women that were arrested for protesting died while in prison that the jail would be held liable and this would cause a lot more public attention to the issue of women suffrage.
“Paul left England after a brief incarceration at Halloway Prison for her suffrage activities and returned to the University of Pennsylvania in 1910. She resumed her studies, but with a new determination to change the legal status of women. At the NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage Association) convention in 1910, Paul lectured on "The English Situation" in an attempt to bring the new militancy across the Atlantic. NAWSA resisted Paul's commitment to direct action, but a younger generation of activists found Paul's new optimism captivating. In 1913, she and Lucy Burns, a graduate of Vassar College whom she had first met in a police station in London, assumed leadership of NAWSA's Congressional Committee and began a campaign for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women across the nation” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
The Strategy/ What Happened
“For a federal campaign to succeed, Alice believed, it needed to have the support of the president. Alice selected March 3, 1913, the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, for a massive suffrage parade on Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, D.C. Not only would the suffragists gain important publicity for their cause, they would also inform the president that they were willing to hold the party in power responsible for women's enfranchisement. Over 8,000 marchers participated; over a half million people gathered along the parade route. When President Wilson arrived at the train station that afternoon, few were there to greet him; instead they had gone to Pennsylvania Avenue to watch the suffrage parade. Though Paul had done her part to organize an ordered and peaceful march, an unruly crowd assaulted the suffragists while police stood by and did nothing. The near-riot resulted in a special Senate investigation that resulted in the removal of the superintendent of police. A few days after the parade, a Congressional committee sent a delegation to the White House to meet with the president, who politely asked for more time to consider the matter of women's suffrage. Nevertheless, Paul's first major organizing effort had met with some success” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“On January 10 1917, twelve women began picketing the White House, while carrying banners of purple and gold and large signs that read, "Mr. president what will you do for woman suffrage?" For the next eighteen months they became a daily sight in Washington, embarrassing the president at home as he championed liberty and democracy abroad. The picketers achieved nearly mythic status in the women's movement, enduring miserable weather, hostile crowds, and violence, even from police. In June police began to arrest the picketers, including Paul; she was tried in October 1917 and sentenced to seven months in jail. She told the judge, "We do not wish to make any plea before this court. We do not consider ourselves subject to this court since, as an unenfranchised class, we have nothing to do with the making of the laws which have put us in this position." She went to prison on 20 October, where she was isolated and prevented from communicating with the Woman's Party organization” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“In June, NWP members Lucy Burns and Katherine Morey were arrested by district police, charged with obstruction of traffic, and released. Twenty-seven more women were arrested over the next several weeks. Soon, heavier sentences were handed down and 16 women were required to serve 60 days at Occoquan Workhouse, in Virginia. By September, the House voted to establish a House Committee on Woman Suffrage, and for the first time both branches of Congress had standing committees to consider the question of enfranchisement for women. Picketers were bolstered by the news and more women continued to risk arrest and imprisonment. Conditions at Occoquan differed little from conditions at most prisons in the early part of the twentieth century. Cells were small, dark, and unsanitary. Food was infested with mealworms. Prisoners were routinely harassed and intimidated. Soon, however, it became apparent that the suffragists, and especially their leaders, were being singled out by authorities frustrated by the picketers' tenacity” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“In October, Paul was arrested on the picket line and sent to Occoquan. By the end of the month, she and fellow suffragist Rose Winslow began a hunger strike in order to secure their rights as political prisoners. Over the next three weeks, three times each day, Paul and Winslow were force fed; tubes were pushed into their noses and down their throats. In addition, Paul was moved to a psychiatric ward where she was monitored day and night by an attendant holding a flashlight up to her face. Lunardini notes that "prison psychiatrists interviewed her on several occasions and it was made clear to her that one signature on an admission form was all that was necessary to have her committed to an insane asylum” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
"On November 28, Alice and all suffrage prisoners were released. “Privately, President Wilson had instructed Congress to pass a suffrage bill. Paul's education of the president and the political pressure she had created had had a decisive impact. In 1919 the Nineteenth Amendment passed Congress, and swept through the states for ratification” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). “President Wilson, who was wearied by the tactics of the NWP, announced his support for the suffrage amendment in January 1918. When the Senate refused to pass the bill, Paul once again resumed her picket campaign. When 48 suffragists were arrested, a public outcry prompted the women's release.” “By 1919, the amendment had passed both houses. Paul, however, continued to lobby until it was ratified in 1920. The passage of the 19th Amendment, for so long the focus of Paul's efforts, prompted the NWP to reconsider its political goals. Though she gave up leadership of the NWP after 1920, Paul's ideas still dominated. She drafted an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was introduced in Congress in 1923. Her notion that "men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States," was a controversial one. Many feminists worried that it would invalidate labor laws that protected women in the workplace, but Paul continued to insist on the simple principle of equality instilled in her by her Quaker upbringing” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“Paul continued to struggle for women's equal rights throughout the middle decades of the 20th century. During World War II, when the war effort required a temporary suspension of protective labor laws, the ERA was revived once again, endorsed by both parties, and debated in Congress. In the 1950s, Paul lobbied Congress to include sex discrimination among the equal protections advanced by the Civil Rights bill and succeeded in securing equal rights for women in employment in 1964” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“She later earned a master's degree in sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and became interested in the problems raised by women's inferior legal status. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania with a dissertation on the legal status of women, a law degree in 1922 from Washington College of Law, and a second Ph.D. in law in 1928 from American University” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice Paul was only thirty-five years old when women gained the right to vote. She headed the Woman's Research Foundation from 1927 to 1937. She authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, and in the 1930s she founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (also called the World Women's Party). In 1972 her Equal Rights Amendment, for which she had campaigned for nearly fifty years, passed the Congress and went to the states for ratification (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice died on July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey, convinced that organizers would be successful in securing the three states needed to ratify the ERA. The amendment, however, was defeated, ending the movement to provide women with a constitutional right to equal justice. Often rigid and conservative, Paul never embraced a broad social platform for women's rights. But her single-minded devotion to legal equality shaped the feminist movement over much of the twentieth century (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). Alice's legacy will always live on. Because of Alice women are now able to vote and have equal opportunities which is what America is all about.
“She later earned a master's degree in sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and became interested in the problems raised by women's inferior legal status. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania with a dissertation on the legal status of women, a law degree in 1922 from Washington College of Law, and a second Ph.D. in law in 1928 from American University” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice Paul was only thirty-five years old when women gained the right to vote. She headed the Woman's Research Foundation from 1927 to 1937. She authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, and in the 1930s she founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (also called the World Women's Party). In 1972 her Equal Rights Amendment, for which she had campaigned for nearly fifty years, passed the Congress and went to the states for ratification (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice died on July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey, convinced that organizers would be successful in securing the three states needed to ratify the ERA. The amendment, however, was defeated, ending the movement to provide women with a constitutional right to equal justice. Often rigid and conservative, Paul never embraced a broad social platform for women's rights. But her single-minded devotion to legal equality shaped the feminist movement over much of the twentieth century (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). Alice's legacy will always live on. Because of Alice women are now able to vote and have equal opportunities which is what America is all about."
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Alice Stokes Paul
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7FoJtwbYmM
Images:
1. Alice Stokes Paul New York Times
2. Alice Stokes Paul being lifted up by a policeman
3. Alice Stokes Paul
4. Alice Stokes Paul seated
Background from {[ https://sites.google.com/site/alicepaulbio2/home]}
“Alice Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century” (Alice Paul Institute, Inc, 2010). Alice Paul helped create the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in 1913, which became the National Woman’s Party in 1917. “Her life symbolizes the long struggle for justice in the United States and around the world. Her vision was the ordinary notion that women and men should be equal partners in society” (Alice Paul Institute, Inc, 2010). Alice Paul was a major advocate against women suffrage and enforcing women rights. She believed in equality and was one of the contributors to passing the 19th Constitutional Amendment which gave women the right to vote. Alice Paul also contributed to the Equal Rights Amendment.
Alice Paul - Famous Quotes
"I never doubted that equal rights was the right direction. Most reforms, most problems are complicated. But to me there is nothing complicated about ordinary equality."
"The Woman's Party is made up of women of all races, creeds and nationalities who are united on the one program of working to raise the status of women."
"There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it."
“Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey on January 11, 1885, just five years before the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).The oldest of four children, Alice grew up in a family committed to social justice. Her parents, William M. Paul, a businessman and president of the Burlington County Trust Company, and Tacie Parry, belonged to the Society of Friends and instilled in Alice the Quaker values of discipline, service, honesty, and equality between the sexes. Alice’s mother was one of the first women to attend Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania and she took Alice to her first suffrage meeting when she was just a child (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
When Alice was just sixteen her father died suddenly of pneumonia. The family, though financially secure, accepted the guidance and authority of a male relative, whose conservative views created some tension in the household. Alice who had attended a Quaker school in Moorestown, left home to attend Swarthmore College where she studied biology because it was something that she didn’t know much about. Alice discovered politics and economics in her senior year of college. “Professor Robert Brooks recommended her for a College Settlement Association fellowship at the New York School of Philanthropy. When she graduated from Swarthmore in 1905, Alice spent a year there studying social work” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
During this time, in the early 1900’s women were denied the right to vote and they didn’t have equal opportunities. In the fall of 1907, Paul interrupted her studies at the University of Pennsylvania to accept a fellowship in social work at the Quaker training school in Woodbridge, England. While she was studying at the University of Birmingham, a woman was prevented from addressing a university audience there by a hostile crowd. Alice had never before witnessed outright opposition to the suffrage cause, and was shocked (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). On the invitation of the Charity Organization Society of London, she became a caseworker in Dalston and attended her first suffrage parade there in 1908. For the next two years, she worked closely with the Women's Social and Political Union, participating in the more militant strategies of British feminism: demonstrations, imprisonment, and hunger strikes” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).While in London from 1906 to 1909, Alice became politically active and unafraid to use dramatic tactics in support of a cause. “Alice joined a group of women that engaged in direct and visible measures such as window smashing, rock throwing, etc to raise public awareness of woman suffrage. This activity helped them get media attention, front-page coverage on London newspapers where they were seen being carried away in handcuffs by the police. Alice reportedly broke more than forty-eight windows and was arrested and imprisoned on several occasions. Women suffrages, including Alice protested while they were imprisoned by going on hunger strikes. They were brutally forced and fed with tubes thru their noses (Alice Paul Institute, 2010). The jail systems knew that if any of the women that were arrested for protesting died while in prison that the jail would be held liable and this would cause a lot more public attention to the issue of women suffrage.
“Paul left England after a brief incarceration at Halloway Prison for her suffrage activities and returned to the University of Pennsylvania in 1910. She resumed her studies, but with a new determination to change the legal status of women. At the NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage Association) convention in 1910, Paul lectured on "The English Situation" in an attempt to bring the new militancy across the Atlantic. NAWSA resisted Paul's commitment to direct action, but a younger generation of activists found Paul's new optimism captivating. In 1913, she and Lucy Burns, a graduate of Vassar College whom she had first met in a police station in London, assumed leadership of NAWSA's Congressional Committee and began a campaign for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women across the nation” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
The Strategy/ What Happened
“For a federal campaign to succeed, Alice believed, it needed to have the support of the president. Alice selected March 3, 1913, the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration, for a massive suffrage parade on Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, D.C. Not only would the suffragists gain important publicity for their cause, they would also inform the president that they were willing to hold the party in power responsible for women's enfranchisement. Over 8,000 marchers participated; over a half million people gathered along the parade route. When President Wilson arrived at the train station that afternoon, few were there to greet him; instead they had gone to Pennsylvania Avenue to watch the suffrage parade. Though Paul had done her part to organize an ordered and peaceful march, an unruly crowd assaulted the suffragists while police stood by and did nothing. The near-riot resulted in a special Senate investigation that resulted in the removal of the superintendent of police. A few days after the parade, a Congressional committee sent a delegation to the White House to meet with the president, who politely asked for more time to consider the matter of women's suffrage. Nevertheless, Paul's first major organizing effort had met with some success” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“On January 10 1917, twelve women began picketing the White House, while carrying banners of purple and gold and large signs that read, "Mr. president what will you do for woman suffrage?" For the next eighteen months they became a daily sight in Washington, embarrassing the president at home as he championed liberty and democracy abroad. The picketers achieved nearly mythic status in the women's movement, enduring miserable weather, hostile crowds, and violence, even from police. In June police began to arrest the picketers, including Paul; she was tried in October 1917 and sentenced to seven months in jail. She told the judge, "We do not wish to make any plea before this court. We do not consider ourselves subject to this court since, as an unenfranchised class, we have nothing to do with the making of the laws which have put us in this position." She went to prison on 20 October, where she was isolated and prevented from communicating with the Woman's Party organization” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“In June, NWP members Lucy Burns and Katherine Morey were arrested by district police, charged with obstruction of traffic, and released. Twenty-seven more women were arrested over the next several weeks. Soon, heavier sentences were handed down and 16 women were required to serve 60 days at Occoquan Workhouse, in Virginia. By September, the House voted to establish a House Committee on Woman Suffrage, and for the first time both branches of Congress had standing committees to consider the question of enfranchisement for women. Picketers were bolstered by the news and more women continued to risk arrest and imprisonment. Conditions at Occoquan differed little from conditions at most prisons in the early part of the twentieth century. Cells were small, dark, and unsanitary. Food was infested with mealworms. Prisoners were routinely harassed and intimidated. Soon, however, it became apparent that the suffragists, and especially their leaders, were being singled out by authorities frustrated by the picketers' tenacity” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“In October, Paul was arrested on the picket line and sent to Occoquan. By the end of the month, she and fellow suffragist Rose Winslow began a hunger strike in order to secure their rights as political prisoners. Over the next three weeks, three times each day, Paul and Winslow were force fed; tubes were pushed into their noses and down their throats. In addition, Paul was moved to a psychiatric ward where she was monitored day and night by an attendant holding a flashlight up to her face. Lunardini notes that "prison psychiatrists interviewed her on several occasions and it was made clear to her that one signature on an admission form was all that was necessary to have her committed to an insane asylum” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
"On November 28, Alice and all suffrage prisoners were released. “Privately, President Wilson had instructed Congress to pass a suffrage bill. Paul's education of the president and the political pressure she had created had had a decisive impact. In 1919 the Nineteenth Amendment passed Congress, and swept through the states for ratification” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). “President Wilson, who was wearied by the tactics of the NWP, announced his support for the suffrage amendment in January 1918. When the Senate refused to pass the bill, Paul once again resumed her picket campaign. When 48 suffragists were arrested, a public outcry prompted the women's release.” “By 1919, the amendment had passed both houses. Paul, however, continued to lobby until it was ratified in 1920. The passage of the 19th Amendment, for so long the focus of Paul's efforts, prompted the NWP to reconsider its political goals. Though she gave up leadership of the NWP after 1920, Paul's ideas still dominated. She drafted an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which was introduced in Congress in 1923. Her notion that "men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States," was a controversial one. Many feminists worried that it would invalidate labor laws that protected women in the workplace, but Paul continued to insist on the simple principle of equality instilled in her by her Quaker upbringing” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“Paul continued to struggle for women's equal rights throughout the middle decades of the 20th century. During World War II, when the war effort required a temporary suspension of protective labor laws, the ERA was revived once again, endorsed by both parties, and debated in Congress. In the 1950s, Paul lobbied Congress to include sex discrimination among the equal protections advanced by the Civil Rights bill and succeeded in securing equal rights for women in employment in 1964” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
“She later earned a master's degree in sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and became interested in the problems raised by women's inferior legal status. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania with a dissertation on the legal status of women, a law degree in 1922 from Washington College of Law, and a second Ph.D. in law in 1928 from American University” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice Paul was only thirty-five years old when women gained the right to vote. She headed the Woman's Research Foundation from 1927 to 1937. She authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, and in the 1930s she founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (also called the World Women's Party). In 1972 her Equal Rights Amendment, for which she had campaigned for nearly fifty years, passed the Congress and went to the states for ratification (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice died on July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey, convinced that organizers would be successful in securing the three states needed to ratify the ERA. The amendment, however, was defeated, ending the movement to provide women with a constitutional right to equal justice. Often rigid and conservative, Paul never embraced a broad social platform for women's rights. But her single-minded devotion to legal equality shaped the feminist movement over much of the twentieth century (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). Alice's legacy will always live on. Because of Alice women are now able to vote and have equal opportunities which is what America is all about.
“She later earned a master's degree in sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and became interested in the problems raised by women's inferior legal status. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in 1912 from the University of Pennsylvania with a dissertation on the legal status of women, a law degree in 1922 from Washington College of Law, and a second Ph.D. in law in 1928 from American University” (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice Paul was only thirty-five years old when women gained the right to vote. She headed the Woman's Research Foundation from 1927 to 1937. She authored the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923, and in the 1930s she founded the World Party for Equal Rights for Women (also called the World Women's Party). In 1972 her Equal Rights Amendment, for which she had campaigned for nearly fifty years, passed the Congress and went to the states for ratification (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004).
Alice died on July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey, convinced that organizers would be successful in securing the three states needed to ratify the ERA. The amendment, however, was defeated, ending the movement to provide women with a constitutional right to equal justice. Often rigid and conservative, Paul never embraced a broad social platform for women's rights. But her single-minded devotion to legal equality shaped the feminist movement over much of the twentieth century (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004). Alice's legacy will always live on. Because of Alice women are now able to vote and have equal opportunities which is what America is all about."
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Alice Paul: NJ's Suffragette Documentary
Description
Alice Paul: NJ's Suffragette Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgkB8puR4wc
Images:
1. Alice Stokes Post lifting up a toast with a glass of wine next to the Suffrage Flag
2. Alice Paul and Mrs. Lawrence Lewis holding a conference, Pauline Floyd, sec., at 14 Jackson Place
3. Alice Stokes Paul 'Woman of America, if you want to put a vote in, in 1920 put a dime, dollar or 10 dollar bill in now
4. Alice Stokes Paul Sewing a Suffrage Banner
Biographies
1. socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/paul-alice-stokes
2. thoughtco.com/alice-paul-activist-3529923]
1. Background from {[https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/paul-alice-stokes/]}
Alice Paul (1885 – 1977): Social Worker, Militant Activist and Suffragette
Introduction: Alice Stokes Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century. Born on January 11, 1885 to Quaker parents in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, Alice Paul dedicated her life to the single cause of securing equal rights for all women. She was a founder of the National Womans Party and, until she was disabled by a stroke in 1974, a tireless advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment.
Biography: Alice’s father was a successful businessman and, as the president of the Burlington County Trust Company in Moorestown, NJ, earned a comfortable living. Alice’s life on Paulsdale, the “home farm” (as she referred to her home) marked her early childhood and is reflected in her work as an adult. As Quakers, Alice’s parents raised her with a belief in gender equality, and the need to work for the betterment of society. Her Quaker community stressed separation from the burgeoning materialistic society and advocated the benefits of staying close to nature.
Alice attended the Friends School (Quaker) in Moorestown, graduating at the top of her class. She went on to Swarthmore (a Quaker college founded by her grandfather in 1901), at the age of 16, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology in 1905. While attending Swarthmore, her father contracted pneumonia and died suddenly. She worked at the New York College Settlement while attending the New York School of Social Work. Alice Paul left for England in 1906 where she studied at the Woodbrooke Settlement for Social Work, and studied social work at the University of Birmingham and the London School of Economics. Back in the U.S., Alice received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1912. In later life, she earned an LL.B. from the Washington College of Law, then earned an LL.M. from American University in 1927 and a Doctorate of Civil Law in 1928.
While earning degrees in law and social work in London, Alice Paul joined the radical British woman suffrage movement. In England, Alice Paul took part in radical protests for woman suffrage, including participating in hunger strikes. She brought back to the U.S. this sense of militancy in 1910, and determined to put new life into the American woman’s struggle for the vote. In 1912 Alice Paul met up with her friend, Lucy Burns, and they took over the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Congressional Committee, trying to get a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. By 1916, she formed the National Woman’s Party (NWP) that demanded a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.
In January 1917, NWP started demonstrating in front of the White House demanding women have the right to vote. By July, President Wilson was tired of all the demonstration going on and arrests started. Paul was arrested three times and the third time she went to jail she went on a hunger strike. Paul was force fed three times a day, for three weeks. They held her down to a chair while a tube, about 5 to 6 feet long was put through her mouth and once through her nose. When she got out of jail for the third time she kept fighting for the women’s suffrage. Finally, President Wilson gave up fighting and said that he would support a woman’s right to voting.
After the amendment passed in Congress, Alice Paul and others began working for the amendment to be ratified by each state. The woman’s right to vote was finally won in 1920. Following that, Alice Paul mobilized the National Woman’s Party to fight for a constitutional amendment to guarantee the right to complete equality before the law (the “Equal Rights Amendment,” or ERA). Although she did not live to see an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution, she did get an equal rights affirmation in the preamble to the United Nations charter. Until she was debilitated by a stroke in 1974, Alice Paul continued to fight for the equal rights amendment. She died on July 9, 1977, in Moorestown, New Jersey.
2. Background from {[https://www.thoughtco.com/alice-paul-activist-3529923]}
Biography of Alice Paul, Women's Suffrage Activist
By Jone Johnson Lewis
Updated May 30, 2019
Alice Paul (January 11, 1885–July 9, 1977) was a leading figure responsible for the final push and success in winning passage of the 19th Amendment (women's suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution. She is identified with the more radical wing of the women's suffrage movement that later developed.
Fast Facts: Alice Paul
• Known For: Alice Paul was one of the leaders of the women's suffrage movement and continued to work for women's rights throughout the first half of the 20th century
• Born: January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New Jersey
• Parents: Tacie Parry and William Paul
• Died: July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey
• Education: Bachelors Degree from Swarthmore University; Masters Degree from Columbia University; Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; Law Degree from American University
• Published Works: Equal Rights Amendment
• Awards and Honors: Posthumously inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in and the New Jersey Hall of Fame; had stamps and coins created in her image
• Notable Quote: "There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it."
Early Life
Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey, in 1885. Her parents raised her and her three younger siblings as Quakers. Her father, William M. Paul, was a successful businessman, and her mother, Tacie Parry Paul, was active in the Quaker (Society of Friends) movement. Tacie Paul was a descendant of William Penn and William Paul was a descendant of the Winthrop family, both early leaders in Massachusetts. William Paul died when Alice was 16 years old, and a more conservative male relative, asserting leadership in the family, caused some tensions with the family's more liberal and tolerant ideas.
Alice Paul attended Swarthmore College, the same institution her mother had attended as one of the first women educated there. She majored in biology at first but developed an interest in social sciences. Paul then went to work at the New York College Settlement, while attending the New York School of Social Work for a year after graduating from Swarthmore in 1905.
Alice Paul left for England in 1906 to work in the settlement house movement for three years. She studied first at a Quaker school and then at the University of Birmingham. While in England, Paul was exposed to the suffragist movement in progress, which had a profound impact on her direction in life. She returned to America to get her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1912). Her dissertation was on women's legal status.
Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party
In England, Alice Paul had taken part in more radical protests for women's suffrage, including participating in the hunger strikes. She worked with the Women's Social and Political Union. She brought back this sense of militancy, and back in the U.S. she organized protests and rallies and was imprisoned three times.
Alice Paul joined and became chair of a major committee (congressional) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) within a year, in her mid-20s. A year later in 1913, however, Alice Paul and others withdrew from the NAWSA to form the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Paul and her supporters believed that the NAWSA was too conservative and that a more radical approach was needed to push forward the agenda of women's suffrage. Paul's new organization evolved into the National Woman's Party (NWP), and Alice Paul's leadership was key to this organization's founding and future.
Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party emphasized working for a federal constitutional amendment for suffrage. Their position was at odds with the position of the NAWSA, headed by Carrie Chapman Catt, which was to work state-by-state as well as at the federal level.
Despite the often intense acrimony between the National Woman's Party and the National American Woman Suffrage Association, the two groups' tactics complemented each other. NAWSA's taking more deliberate action to win suffrage in elections meant that more politicians at the federal level had a stake in keeping women voters happy. The NWP's militant stance kept the issue of women's suffrage at the forefront of the political world.
Winning Women's Suffrage
Alice Paul, as the leader of the NWP, took her cause to the streets. Following the same approach as her English compatriots, she put together pickets, parades, and marches, including a very large event in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913. Eight thousand women marched down Pennsylvania Avenue with banners and floats, cheered and jeered by tens of thousands of onlookers.
Just two weeks later, Paul's group met with newly-elected President Woodrow Wilson, who told them that their time had not yet come. In response, the group embarked on an 18-month period of picketing, lobbying, and demonstrations. More than 1,000 women stood at the gates of the White House each day, displaying signs as the "silent sentinels." The result was that many of the picketers were arrested and jailed for months. Paul arranged a hunger strike, which led to intense publicity for her cause.
In 1928, Woodrow Wilson succumbed and announced his support for women's votes. Two years later, women's suffrage was the law.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
After the 1920 victory for the federal amendment, Paul became involved in the struggle to introduce and pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The Equal Rights Amendment was finally passed by Congress in 1970 and sent to the states to ratify. However, the number of states necessary never ratified the ERA within the specified time limit, and the amendment failed.
Paul continued her work into her later years, earning a law degree in 1922 at Washington College, and then going on to earn a Ph.D. in law at American University.
Death
Alice Paul died in 1977 in New Jersey, after the heated battle for the Equal Rights Amendment brought her once more to the forefront of the American political scene.
Legacy
Alice Paul was one of the primary forces behind the passage of the 19th Amendment, a major and lasting achievement. Her influence continues today through the Alice Paul Institute, which states on its website:
The Alice Paul Institute educates the public about the life and work of Alice Stokes Paul (1885-1977), and offers heritage and girls’ leadership development programs at Paulsdale, her home and a National Historic Landmark. Alice Paul led the final fight to get women the vote and wrote the Equal Rights Amendment. We honor her legacy as a role model of leadership in the continuing quest for equality.
Sources
Alicepaul.org, Alice Paul Institute.
Butler, Amy E. Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002.
Lunardini, Christine A. "From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, 1910-1928." American Social Experience, iUniverse, April 1, 2000.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgkB8puR4wc
Images:
1. Alice Stokes Post lifting up a toast with a glass of wine next to the Suffrage Flag
2. Alice Paul and Mrs. Lawrence Lewis holding a conference, Pauline Floyd, sec., at 14 Jackson Place
3. Alice Stokes Paul 'Woman of America, if you want to put a vote in, in 1920 put a dime, dollar or 10 dollar bill in now
4. Alice Stokes Paul Sewing a Suffrage Banner
Biographies
1. socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/paul-alice-stokes
2. thoughtco.com/alice-paul-activist-3529923]
1. Background from {[https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/people/paul-alice-stokes/]}
Alice Paul (1885 – 1977): Social Worker, Militant Activist and Suffragette
Introduction: Alice Stokes Paul was the architect of some of the most outstanding political achievements on behalf of women in the 20th century. Born on January 11, 1885 to Quaker parents in Mt. Laurel, New Jersey, Alice Paul dedicated her life to the single cause of securing equal rights for all women. She was a founder of the National Womans Party and, until she was disabled by a stroke in 1974, a tireless advocate for the Equal Rights Amendment.
Biography: Alice’s father was a successful businessman and, as the president of the Burlington County Trust Company in Moorestown, NJ, earned a comfortable living. Alice’s life on Paulsdale, the “home farm” (as she referred to her home) marked her early childhood and is reflected in her work as an adult. As Quakers, Alice’s parents raised her with a belief in gender equality, and the need to work for the betterment of society. Her Quaker community stressed separation from the burgeoning materialistic society and advocated the benefits of staying close to nature.
Alice attended the Friends School (Quaker) in Moorestown, graduating at the top of her class. She went on to Swarthmore (a Quaker college founded by her grandfather in 1901), at the age of 16, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology in 1905. While attending Swarthmore, her father contracted pneumonia and died suddenly. She worked at the New York College Settlement while attending the New York School of Social Work. Alice Paul left for England in 1906 where she studied at the Woodbrooke Settlement for Social Work, and studied social work at the University of Birmingham and the London School of Economics. Back in the U.S., Alice received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1912. In later life, she earned an LL.B. from the Washington College of Law, then earned an LL.M. from American University in 1927 and a Doctorate of Civil Law in 1928.
While earning degrees in law and social work in London, Alice Paul joined the radical British woman suffrage movement. In England, Alice Paul took part in radical protests for woman suffrage, including participating in hunger strikes. She brought back to the U.S. this sense of militancy in 1910, and determined to put new life into the American woman’s struggle for the vote. In 1912 Alice Paul met up with her friend, Lucy Burns, and they took over the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Congressional Committee, trying to get a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. By 1916, she formed the National Woman’s Party (NWP) that demanded a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote.
In January 1917, NWP started demonstrating in front of the White House demanding women have the right to vote. By July, President Wilson was tired of all the demonstration going on and arrests started. Paul was arrested three times and the third time she went to jail she went on a hunger strike. Paul was force fed three times a day, for three weeks. They held her down to a chair while a tube, about 5 to 6 feet long was put through her mouth and once through her nose. When she got out of jail for the third time she kept fighting for the women’s suffrage. Finally, President Wilson gave up fighting and said that he would support a woman’s right to voting.
After the amendment passed in Congress, Alice Paul and others began working for the amendment to be ratified by each state. The woman’s right to vote was finally won in 1920. Following that, Alice Paul mobilized the National Woman’s Party to fight for a constitutional amendment to guarantee the right to complete equality before the law (the “Equal Rights Amendment,” or ERA). Although she did not live to see an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution, she did get an equal rights affirmation in the preamble to the United Nations charter. Until she was debilitated by a stroke in 1974, Alice Paul continued to fight for the equal rights amendment. She died on July 9, 1977, in Moorestown, New Jersey.
2. Background from {[https://www.thoughtco.com/alice-paul-activist-3529923]}
Biography of Alice Paul, Women's Suffrage Activist
By Jone Johnson Lewis
Updated May 30, 2019
Alice Paul (January 11, 1885–July 9, 1977) was a leading figure responsible for the final push and success in winning passage of the 19th Amendment (women's suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution. She is identified with the more radical wing of the women's suffrage movement that later developed.
Fast Facts: Alice Paul
• Known For: Alice Paul was one of the leaders of the women's suffrage movement and continued to work for women's rights throughout the first half of the 20th century
• Born: January 11, 1885 in Mount Laurel, New Jersey
• Parents: Tacie Parry and William Paul
• Died: July 9, 1977 in Moorestown, New Jersey
• Education: Bachelors Degree from Swarthmore University; Masters Degree from Columbia University; Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania; Law Degree from American University
• Published Works: Equal Rights Amendment
• Awards and Honors: Posthumously inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in and the New Jersey Hall of Fame; had stamps and coins created in her image
• Notable Quote: "There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it."
Early Life
Alice Paul was born in Moorestown, New Jersey, in 1885. Her parents raised her and her three younger siblings as Quakers. Her father, William M. Paul, was a successful businessman, and her mother, Tacie Parry Paul, was active in the Quaker (Society of Friends) movement. Tacie Paul was a descendant of William Penn and William Paul was a descendant of the Winthrop family, both early leaders in Massachusetts. William Paul died when Alice was 16 years old, and a more conservative male relative, asserting leadership in the family, caused some tensions with the family's more liberal and tolerant ideas.
Alice Paul attended Swarthmore College, the same institution her mother had attended as one of the first women educated there. She majored in biology at first but developed an interest in social sciences. Paul then went to work at the New York College Settlement, while attending the New York School of Social Work for a year after graduating from Swarthmore in 1905.
Alice Paul left for England in 1906 to work in the settlement house movement for three years. She studied first at a Quaker school and then at the University of Birmingham. While in England, Paul was exposed to the suffragist movement in progress, which had a profound impact on her direction in life. She returned to America to get her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1912). Her dissertation was on women's legal status.
Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party
In England, Alice Paul had taken part in more radical protests for women's suffrage, including participating in the hunger strikes. She worked with the Women's Social and Political Union. She brought back this sense of militancy, and back in the U.S. she organized protests and rallies and was imprisoned three times.
Alice Paul joined and became chair of a major committee (congressional) of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) within a year, in her mid-20s. A year later in 1913, however, Alice Paul and others withdrew from the NAWSA to form the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage. Paul and her supporters believed that the NAWSA was too conservative and that a more radical approach was needed to push forward the agenda of women's suffrage. Paul's new organization evolved into the National Woman's Party (NWP), and Alice Paul's leadership was key to this organization's founding and future.
Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party emphasized working for a federal constitutional amendment for suffrage. Their position was at odds with the position of the NAWSA, headed by Carrie Chapman Catt, which was to work state-by-state as well as at the federal level.
Despite the often intense acrimony between the National Woman's Party and the National American Woman Suffrage Association, the two groups' tactics complemented each other. NAWSA's taking more deliberate action to win suffrage in elections meant that more politicians at the federal level had a stake in keeping women voters happy. The NWP's militant stance kept the issue of women's suffrage at the forefront of the political world.
Winning Women's Suffrage
Alice Paul, as the leader of the NWP, took her cause to the streets. Following the same approach as her English compatriots, she put together pickets, parades, and marches, including a very large event in Washington, DC, on March 3, 1913. Eight thousand women marched down Pennsylvania Avenue with banners and floats, cheered and jeered by tens of thousands of onlookers.
Just two weeks later, Paul's group met with newly-elected President Woodrow Wilson, who told them that their time had not yet come. In response, the group embarked on an 18-month period of picketing, lobbying, and demonstrations. More than 1,000 women stood at the gates of the White House each day, displaying signs as the "silent sentinels." The result was that many of the picketers were arrested and jailed for months. Paul arranged a hunger strike, which led to intense publicity for her cause.
In 1928, Woodrow Wilson succumbed and announced his support for women's votes. Two years later, women's suffrage was the law.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
After the 1920 victory for the federal amendment, Paul became involved in the struggle to introduce and pass an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The Equal Rights Amendment was finally passed by Congress in 1970 and sent to the states to ratify. However, the number of states necessary never ratified the ERA within the specified time limit, and the amendment failed.
Paul continued her work into her later years, earning a law degree in 1922 at Washington College, and then going on to earn a Ph.D. in law at American University.
Death
Alice Paul died in 1977 in New Jersey, after the heated battle for the Equal Rights Amendment brought her once more to the forefront of the American political scene.
Legacy
Alice Paul was one of the primary forces behind the passage of the 19th Amendment, a major and lasting achievement. Her influence continues today through the Alice Paul Institute, which states on its website:
The Alice Paul Institute educates the public about the life and work of Alice Stokes Paul (1885-1977), and offers heritage and girls’ leadership development programs at Paulsdale, her home and a National Historic Landmark. Alice Paul led the final fight to get women the vote and wrote the Equal Rights Amendment. We honor her legacy as a role model of leadership in the continuing quest for equality.
Sources
Alicepaul.org, Alice Paul Institute.
Butler, Amy E. Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002.
Lunardini, Christine A. "From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, 1910-1928." American Social Experience, iUniverse, April 1, 2000.
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Sounds like a very determined young lady, she put on a great fight for the right for women to vote.
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