How do phones and active duty status work (assuming you're not on a battle deployment)? Will you be allowed a phone?

It depends on where you work and what your supervisors want. If you work in an area where classified information is handled, then phones are prohibited. Some buildings have little lock boxes outside the secure area where people can leave their phones, some don't and you'll have to leave the phone in your vehicle or at home. Similar rules for anyplace the phone might create a hazard. Otherwise your supervisor will tell you the rules for your workplace. Overall, I would say to plan on not using your phone except for personal critical situations or emergencies during your work hours.

If the Government wants you to have a phone, they will issue you one. You don't really want this because it becomes a tether between you and your workplace. It makes it too easy for your boss to send you a text saying he needs and answer to a question before you get up tomorrow morning. Happens in the civilian world too.

Yes, you buy a phone, just like anyone else. Being in the military is a job. With some strict rules. But buy phones, cars, etc. that stuff is normal.

1. Unless you are something special- you get 0 gov't phone. If you where in my unit- you would not have your phone- in the field, or forward of the FOB, or on your phone during any duty hrs. . You want to use your phone you would use it on YOUR time, not mine.