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During the Boxer Rebellion, an international force featuring British, Russian, American, Japanese, French, and German troops relieves the Chinese capital of Peking after fighting its way 80 miles from the port of Tientsin. The Chinese nationalists besieging Peking’s diplomatic quarter were crushed, and the Boxer Rebellion effectively came to an end.
By the end of the 19th century, the Western powers and Japan had forced China’s ruling Ch’ing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs. In the Opium Wars, popular rebellions, and the Sino-Japanese War, China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and millions died.
In 1898, Tz’u Hsi, the dowager empress, gained control of the Chinese government in a conservative coup against the Emperor Kuang-hsu, her adoptive son and an advocate of reforms. Tz’u Hsi had previously served as ruler of China in various regencies and was deeply anti-foreign in her ideology. In 1899, her court began to secretly support the anti-foreign rebels known as the I Ho Ch’uan, or the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists.”
The I Ho Ch’uan was a secret society formed with the original goal of expelling the foreigners and overthrowing the Ch’ing dynasty. The group practiced a ritualistic form of martial arts that they believed gave them supernatural powers and made them impervious to bullets. After witnessing these fighting displays, Westerners named members of the society “Boxers.” Most Boxers came from northern China, where natural calamities and foreign aggression in the late 1890s had ruined the economy. The ranks of the I Ho Ch’uan swelled with embittered peasants who directed their anger against Christian converts and foreign missionaries, whom they saw as a threat to their traditional ways and blamed for their misery.
After the dowager empress returned to power, the Boxers pushed for an alliance with the imperial court against the foreigners. Tz’u Hsi gave her tacit support to their growing violence against the Westerners and their institutions, and some officials incorporated the Boxers into local militias. Open attacks on missionaries and Chinese Christians began in late 1899, and by May 1900 bands of Boxers had begun gathering in the countryside around Peking. In spite of threats by the foreign powers, the empress dowager began openly supporting the Boxers.
In early June, an international relief force of 2,000 soldiers was dispatched by Western and Japanese authorities from the port of Tientsin to Peking. The empress dowager ordered Imperial forces to block the advance of the foreigners, and the relief force was turned back. Meanwhile, the Peking-Tientsin railway line and other railroads were destroyed by the Chinese. On June 13, the Boxers, now some 140,000 strong, moved into Peking and began burning churches and foreign residences. On June 17, the foreign powers seized forts between Tientsin and Peking, and the next day Tz’u Hsi called on all Chinese to attack foreigners. On June 20, the German ambassador Baron von Ketteler was killed and the Boxers began besieging the foreign legations in the diplomatic quarter of the Chinese capital.
As the foreign powers organized a multinational force to crush the rebellion, the siege of the Peking legations stretched into weeks, and the diplomats, their families, and guards suffered through hunger and degrading conditions as they fought desperately to keep the Boxers at bay. Eventually, an expedition of 19,000 multinational troops pushed their way to Peking after fighting two major battles against the Boxers. On August 14, the eight-nation allied relief force captured Peking and liberated the legations. The foreign troops looted the city and routed the Boxers, while the empress and her court fled to the north. The victorious powers began work on a peace settlement.
Due to mutual jealousies between the nations, it was agreed that China would not be partitioned further, and in September 1901 the Peking Protocol was signed, formally ending the Boxer Rebellion. By the terms of agreement, the foreign nations received extremely favorable commercial treaties with China, foreign troops were permanently stationed in Peking, and China was forced to pay $333 million as penalty for its rebellion. China was effectively a subject nation. The Boxers had failed to expel the foreigners, but their rebellion set the stage for the successful Chinese revolutions of the 20th century.
By the end of the 19th century, the Western powers and Japan had forced China’s ruling Ch’ing dynasty to accept wide foreign control over the country’s economic affairs. In the Opium Wars, popular rebellions, and the Sino-Japanese War, China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and millions died.
In 1898, Tz’u Hsi, the dowager empress, gained control of the Chinese government in a conservative coup against the Emperor Kuang-hsu, her adoptive son and an advocate of reforms. Tz’u Hsi had previously served as ruler of China in various regencies and was deeply anti-foreign in her ideology. In 1899, her court began to secretly support the anti-foreign rebels known as the I Ho Ch’uan, or the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists.”
The I Ho Ch’uan was a secret society formed with the original goal of expelling the foreigners and overthrowing the Ch’ing dynasty. The group practiced a ritualistic form of martial arts that they believed gave them supernatural powers and made them impervious to bullets. After witnessing these fighting displays, Westerners named members of the society “Boxers.” Most Boxers came from northern China, where natural calamities and foreign aggression in the late 1890s had ruined the economy. The ranks of the I Ho Ch’uan swelled with embittered peasants who directed their anger against Christian converts and foreign missionaries, whom they saw as a threat to their traditional ways and blamed for their misery.
After the dowager empress returned to power, the Boxers pushed for an alliance with the imperial court against the foreigners. Tz’u Hsi gave her tacit support to their growing violence against the Westerners and their institutions, and some officials incorporated the Boxers into local militias. Open attacks on missionaries and Chinese Christians began in late 1899, and by May 1900 bands of Boxers had begun gathering in the countryside around Peking. In spite of threats by the foreign powers, the empress dowager began openly supporting the Boxers.
In early June, an international relief force of 2,000 soldiers was dispatched by Western and Japanese authorities from the port of Tientsin to Peking. The empress dowager ordered Imperial forces to block the advance of the foreigners, and the relief force was turned back. Meanwhile, the Peking-Tientsin railway line and other railroads were destroyed by the Chinese. On June 13, the Boxers, now some 140,000 strong, moved into Peking and began burning churches and foreign residences. On June 17, the foreign powers seized forts between Tientsin and Peking, and the next day Tz’u Hsi called on all Chinese to attack foreigners. On June 20, the German ambassador Baron von Ketteler was killed and the Boxers began besieging the foreign legations in the diplomatic quarter of the Chinese capital.
As the foreign powers organized a multinational force to crush the rebellion, the siege of the Peking legations stretched into weeks, and the diplomats, their families, and guards suffered through hunger and degrading conditions as they fought desperately to keep the Boxers at bay. Eventually, an expedition of 19,000 multinational troops pushed their way to Peking after fighting two major battles against the Boxers. On August 14, the eight-nation allied relief force captured Peking and liberated the legations. The foreign troops looted the city and routed the Boxers, while the empress and her court fled to the north. The victorious powers began work on a peace settlement.
Due to mutual jealousies between the nations, it was agreed that China would not be partitioned further, and in September 1901 the Peking Protocol was signed, formally ending the Boxer Rebellion. By the terms of agreement, the foreign nations received extremely favorable commercial treaties with China, foreign troops were permanently stationed in Peking, and China was forced to pay $333 million as penalty for its rebellion. China was effectively a subject nation. The Boxers had failed to expel the foreigners, but their rebellion set the stage for the successful Chinese revolutions of the 20th century.
Peking relieved by multinational force - Aug 14, 1900 - HISTORY.com
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Thank you my friend TSgt Joe C. for making us aware that on August 14, 1900 British, Russian, American, Japanese, French, and German troops relieved the Chinese capital of Peking after fighting its way 80 miles from the port of Tientsin.
Colonialism was still in vogue. Opium was in demand in "civilized" countries. Europe, USA and Japan wanted to control China and ensure they supplied opium
Background from
"When Americans Ruled Beijing
In the early 20th century, the U.S. briefly ruled parts of China and gained its first experience in coalition warfare.
By Franz-Stefan Gady on June 04, 2015
On August 14, 1900 a motley crew of around 18,000 soldiers and sailors from eight different Western powers and Imperial Japan took Beijing (Peking) by storm, ending a 55-day siege of the international Legation Quarter by the Imperial Chinese Army and the Militia United in Righteousness, otherwise known in English as the Boxers. The capture of Beijing all but ended what was known as the Boxer Rebellion.
The rebellion, fueled by economic hardship and the growing encroachment on Chinese territory by imperial powers — the Boxers’ battle cry was “Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners” — however, did not officially end until the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. The official title of the document, capturing the number of countries involved, was “Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, United States, and China—Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900.”
In between the conquest of Beijing on August 14-15 and the signing of the protocol on September 7 the following year, the city was occupied and administered by the Eight-Nation Alliance.
Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month.
The United States committed around 2,500 soldiers and Marines — hastily sent over from the United States and the Philippines, where the U.S. military was fighting an insurrection — to the fight. It was to be one of the first instances of American troops engaged in coalition warfare and the post-conflict military occupation of foreign territory.
Immediately after the end of open combat in Beijing, the allies declared martial law and the Americans were given the southwest corner of the city to administer under the command of Colonel Adna Chaffee, who was given the rank Major General of Volunteers for the Boxer conflict. The immediate aftermath of the conquest of the Chinese capital was marked by wanton violence and looting, which lasted for several weeks with all occupying parties participating, although Russians and Japanese soldiers were especially notorious for their brutality.
Amar Singh, a Rajput nobleman and officer in the Indian Army, kept a diary while deployed in China and noted how the Russians “trashed” the Chinese “whenever they could not make them understand.” He also recounted the aftermath of an alleged Boxer attack when Russian troops rounded up suspects and “among the eight people who were called Boxers, six were women.”
“Probably they had been robbed, raped, and then slain to cover the whole thing,” he goes on to laconically state in his journal. To stop indiscriminate violence, General Chaffee immediately ordered a ban on looting by U.S. forces, but the ban was ineffectual. The commander of British imperial troops, General Alfred Gaselee, recalled:
The condition in and about the city and along the line of communication was bad. Looting of the city, uncontrolled foraging in surrounding country, and seizure by soldiers of everything a Chinaman might have, as vegetables, eggs, chickens, sheep, cattle, etc… indiscriminate and generally unprovoked shooting of Chinese… It is safe to say that where one real Boxer has been killed since the capture of Peking, fifty harmless coolies and laborers… including not a few women and children have been slain.
The Americans, like all other allied nations, were also heavily engaged in looting and pillaging. A U.S. diplomat, Herbert G. Squiers, filled several railroad cars with loot. Assaults on civilians were also not uncommon. For example, Stephen Dwyer, a U.S. Marine, forced his way into a Chinese home wielding a bludgeon to “brutally assault and strike a Chinese child of tender years… driving it from its home and thereby hastening its death.” He then went on to rape the two women living in the house.
Dwyer was quickly court-martialed and sentenced to life in prison in the United States, but many others went unpunished. The international press called the weeks following the storming of Beijing a “carnival of loot” and lamented that “the great Christian nations of the world are being represented in China by robbing, rapine, [and] looting soldiery,” as David J. Silbey writes in The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China.
“The operation in China brought to light the savage and brutal dimensions of Social Darwinism, targeting the hapless Chinese citizenry, who were often dismissed as subhuman. The perpetrators of the violence against the innocent citizens of Peking and its environs believed that the Chinese, like animals, did not feel pain as much as white people did,” explains Robert R. Leonhard in his study “The China Relief Expedition – Joint Coalition Warfare in China, Summer 1900.”
However, despite of all of that, the American occupation of Beijing was considered to be both “sympathetic and efficient” relative to the other occupying forces, as Silbey notes in his book. The reason? The United States military was guided by General Orders No. 100 : The Lieber Code, regulations promulgated in 1863 during the height of the U.S. Civil War to govern Union occupation of the South.
“These rules outlined a treatment of occupied territories as brother would treat brother, or parent, child. This was, in fact, quite literally the inspiration, as Francis Lieber, the lawyer who authored General Order 100, had sons fighting for both sides in the Civil War,” Silbey explains.
By mid-September, based on the Lieber Code, Chaffee tried to win the hearts and minds of Beijing’s inhabitants emphasizing that “all of this [violence] did not tend… to gain for the troops the confidence of the masses, with whom… we have no quarrel, but whose labor we need.”
On September 12, he issued the following general order:
All detachments of troops from this command sent outside of the walls… of Peking… will be placed under charge of an officer or sergeant… Stringent orders will be issued by all officers and noncommissioned officers on duty on the line of communications prohibiting firing by enlisted men, except in case of personal danger… It is made the duty of all officers to arrest soldiers found violating this order… The sections of the city occupied will be divided into precincts under efficient subchiefs, supported by an efficient guard to preserve order and protect property, public and private… Seizure of products of the soil and farm or other property by individuals, soldiers, or detachments without due compensation on the spot is… strictly forbidden.
A strict curfew was imposed throughout the American occupation zone, no more than three Chinese were allowed to publicly gather, gambling was forbidden, all opium dens closed, and the Chinese inhabitants were not allowed to carry or own firearms.
In October 1900, the Committee for the Management of the City of Peking convened for the first time. The committee was composed of British, Italian, German, Japanese, and American representatives (the French refused to cooperate with other members of the Eight-Nation Alliance and the Russians were “confined to their own legation district” and “would not be consulted in any decision concerning the management of the city government”).
The committee handed over specific responsibilities to subcommittees. The Americans were involved in two subcommittees: the first, with the Germans, on “general preservation of health, protection against epidemics, cleaning of and lighting of streets, latrines, assignation houses, hospitals, native and foreign physicians,” and the second with the British on “management of finances, customs, [and] money used in management of the city.”
All international military forces, including the Americans, were hunting for “Boxer insurgents” but after local protests by Chinese inhabitants of the occupation zone, Chaffee abandoned the controversial practice of raiding homes in the search for weapons. The U.S. administration also left the Chinese legal system in place, only handling crimes committed by foreigners.
Silbey lists some additional U.S. projects:
Captain John Tilson, the American liaison with the Chinese, hired a local company to clean up abandoned privies, and set up a program of medical checkups for the areas prostitutes. When winter came, Chaffee encouraged the reestablishment of shelters for the poor and charity food kitchens and put them under American protection.
American army doctors also started an inoculation campaign in order to prevent the spread of diseases. All of this led to thousands of Chinese flocking into the American occupation zone, leading to a critical housing shortage.
In March 1901, when the Americans were deliberating on withdrawing from the city — the troops were urgently needed in the Philippines — a petition signed by 13,000 Chinese was handed over to General Chaffee asking the United States to stay.
However, all of this should not divert from the fact the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance remained a brutal affair with hundreds of suspected Boxers summarily executed by the occupying powers. The Americans were perhaps more benign in relative terms, but can hardly be compared to the G.I.s occupying Austria, Germany, and Japan in the late 1940s. As Leonhard notes:
The behavior of the international contingents at times violated what little international law existed at the time. The bigotry and high-handedness of the conquerors frequently brutalized the hapless Chinese and made little distinction between those who had been guilty of violence against foreigners and those who had not.
Despite their best efforts, this verdict also needs to be applied to the American occupation force. The United States may have installed a more humane military occupation regime than the other European powers and Japanese, but nonetheless remained an occupation regime — based on the threat of force and intimidation — throughout the brief time when Americans ruled parts of Beijing."
The Chinese Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
https://youtu.be/TFjHff-zaKY?t=1m45s
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Orlando Illi Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price CPT Jack Durish Capt Tom Brown CMSgt (Join to see) MSG Andrew White SFC William Farrell SGT (Join to see) Sgt Albert Castro SSG David Andrews Sgt Randy Wilber Sgt John H. SGT Charles H. Hawes SGT Mark Halmrast PO1 William "Chip" Nagel CPT Gabe SnellLTC Greg Henning
Colonialism was still in vogue. Opium was in demand in "civilized" countries. Europe, USA and Japan wanted to control China and ensure they supplied opium
Background from
"When Americans Ruled Beijing
In the early 20th century, the U.S. briefly ruled parts of China and gained its first experience in coalition warfare.
By Franz-Stefan Gady on June 04, 2015
On August 14, 1900 a motley crew of around 18,000 soldiers and sailors from eight different Western powers and Imperial Japan took Beijing (Peking) by storm, ending a 55-day siege of the international Legation Quarter by the Imperial Chinese Army and the Militia United in Righteousness, otherwise known in English as the Boxers. The capture of Beijing all but ended what was known as the Boxer Rebellion.
The rebellion, fueled by economic hardship and the growing encroachment on Chinese territory by imperial powers — the Boxers’ battle cry was “Support the Qing, exterminate the foreigners” — however, did not officially end until the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. The official title of the document, capturing the number of countries involved, was “Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, United States, and China—Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900.”
In between the conquest of Beijing on August 14-15 and the signing of the protocol on September 7 the following year, the city was occupied and administered by the Eight-Nation Alliance.
Enjoying this article? Click here to subscribe for full access. Just $5 a month.
The United States committed around 2,500 soldiers and Marines — hastily sent over from the United States and the Philippines, where the U.S. military was fighting an insurrection — to the fight. It was to be one of the first instances of American troops engaged in coalition warfare and the post-conflict military occupation of foreign territory.
Immediately after the end of open combat in Beijing, the allies declared martial law and the Americans were given the southwest corner of the city to administer under the command of Colonel Adna Chaffee, who was given the rank Major General of Volunteers for the Boxer conflict. The immediate aftermath of the conquest of the Chinese capital was marked by wanton violence and looting, which lasted for several weeks with all occupying parties participating, although Russians and Japanese soldiers were especially notorious for their brutality.
Amar Singh, a Rajput nobleman and officer in the Indian Army, kept a diary while deployed in China and noted how the Russians “trashed” the Chinese “whenever they could not make them understand.” He also recounted the aftermath of an alleged Boxer attack when Russian troops rounded up suspects and “among the eight people who were called Boxers, six were women.”
“Probably they had been robbed, raped, and then slain to cover the whole thing,” he goes on to laconically state in his journal. To stop indiscriminate violence, General Chaffee immediately ordered a ban on looting by U.S. forces, but the ban was ineffectual. The commander of British imperial troops, General Alfred Gaselee, recalled:
The condition in and about the city and along the line of communication was bad. Looting of the city, uncontrolled foraging in surrounding country, and seizure by soldiers of everything a Chinaman might have, as vegetables, eggs, chickens, sheep, cattle, etc… indiscriminate and generally unprovoked shooting of Chinese… It is safe to say that where one real Boxer has been killed since the capture of Peking, fifty harmless coolies and laborers… including not a few women and children have been slain.
The Americans, like all other allied nations, were also heavily engaged in looting and pillaging. A U.S. diplomat, Herbert G. Squiers, filled several railroad cars with loot. Assaults on civilians were also not uncommon. For example, Stephen Dwyer, a U.S. Marine, forced his way into a Chinese home wielding a bludgeon to “brutally assault and strike a Chinese child of tender years… driving it from its home and thereby hastening its death.” He then went on to rape the two women living in the house.
Dwyer was quickly court-martialed and sentenced to life in prison in the United States, but many others went unpunished. The international press called the weeks following the storming of Beijing a “carnival of loot” and lamented that “the great Christian nations of the world are being represented in China by robbing, rapine, [and] looting soldiery,” as David J. Silbey writes in The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China.
“The operation in China brought to light the savage and brutal dimensions of Social Darwinism, targeting the hapless Chinese citizenry, who were often dismissed as subhuman. The perpetrators of the violence against the innocent citizens of Peking and its environs believed that the Chinese, like animals, did not feel pain as much as white people did,” explains Robert R. Leonhard in his study “The China Relief Expedition – Joint Coalition Warfare in China, Summer 1900.”
However, despite of all of that, the American occupation of Beijing was considered to be both “sympathetic and efficient” relative to the other occupying forces, as Silbey notes in his book. The reason? The United States military was guided by General Orders No. 100 : The Lieber Code, regulations promulgated in 1863 during the height of the U.S. Civil War to govern Union occupation of the South.
“These rules outlined a treatment of occupied territories as brother would treat brother, or parent, child. This was, in fact, quite literally the inspiration, as Francis Lieber, the lawyer who authored General Order 100, had sons fighting for both sides in the Civil War,” Silbey explains.
By mid-September, based on the Lieber Code, Chaffee tried to win the hearts and minds of Beijing’s inhabitants emphasizing that “all of this [violence] did not tend… to gain for the troops the confidence of the masses, with whom… we have no quarrel, but whose labor we need.”
On September 12, he issued the following general order:
All detachments of troops from this command sent outside of the walls… of Peking… will be placed under charge of an officer or sergeant… Stringent orders will be issued by all officers and noncommissioned officers on duty on the line of communications prohibiting firing by enlisted men, except in case of personal danger… It is made the duty of all officers to arrest soldiers found violating this order… The sections of the city occupied will be divided into precincts under efficient subchiefs, supported by an efficient guard to preserve order and protect property, public and private… Seizure of products of the soil and farm or other property by individuals, soldiers, or detachments without due compensation on the spot is… strictly forbidden.
A strict curfew was imposed throughout the American occupation zone, no more than three Chinese were allowed to publicly gather, gambling was forbidden, all opium dens closed, and the Chinese inhabitants were not allowed to carry or own firearms.
In October 1900, the Committee for the Management of the City of Peking convened for the first time. The committee was composed of British, Italian, German, Japanese, and American representatives (the French refused to cooperate with other members of the Eight-Nation Alliance and the Russians were “confined to their own legation district” and “would not be consulted in any decision concerning the management of the city government”).
The committee handed over specific responsibilities to subcommittees. The Americans were involved in two subcommittees: the first, with the Germans, on “general preservation of health, protection against epidemics, cleaning of and lighting of streets, latrines, assignation houses, hospitals, native and foreign physicians,” and the second with the British on “management of finances, customs, [and] money used in management of the city.”
All international military forces, including the Americans, were hunting for “Boxer insurgents” but after local protests by Chinese inhabitants of the occupation zone, Chaffee abandoned the controversial practice of raiding homes in the search for weapons. The U.S. administration also left the Chinese legal system in place, only handling crimes committed by foreigners.
Silbey lists some additional U.S. projects:
Captain John Tilson, the American liaison with the Chinese, hired a local company to clean up abandoned privies, and set up a program of medical checkups for the areas prostitutes. When winter came, Chaffee encouraged the reestablishment of shelters for the poor and charity food kitchens and put them under American protection.
American army doctors also started an inoculation campaign in order to prevent the spread of diseases. All of this led to thousands of Chinese flocking into the American occupation zone, leading to a critical housing shortage.
In March 1901, when the Americans were deliberating on withdrawing from the city — the troops were urgently needed in the Philippines — a petition signed by 13,000 Chinese was handed over to General Chaffee asking the United States to stay.
However, all of this should not divert from the fact the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance remained a brutal affair with hundreds of suspected Boxers summarily executed by the occupying powers. The Americans were perhaps more benign in relative terms, but can hardly be compared to the G.I.s occupying Austria, Germany, and Japan in the late 1940s. As Leonhard notes:
The behavior of the international contingents at times violated what little international law existed at the time. The bigotry and high-handedness of the conquerors frequently brutalized the hapless Chinese and made little distinction between those who had been guilty of violence against foreigners and those who had not.
Despite their best efforts, this verdict also needs to be applied to the American occupation force. The United States may have installed a more humane military occupation regime than the other European powers and Japanese, but nonetheless remained an occupation regime — based on the threat of force and intimidation — throughout the brief time when Americans ruled parts of Beijing."
The Chinese Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
https://youtu.be/TFjHff-zaKY?t=1m45s
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Orlando Illi Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price CPT Jack Durish Capt Tom Brown CMSgt (Join to see) MSG Andrew White SFC William Farrell SGT (Join to see) Sgt Albert Castro SSG David Andrews Sgt Randy Wilber Sgt John H. SGT Charles H. Hawes SGT Mark Halmrast PO1 William "Chip" Nagel CPT Gabe SnellLTC Greg Henning
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