The National Assembly passed the no-confidence motion with 331 votes, surpassing the 288-vote simple majority needed.
This is the first time in six decades that a government of the Fifth Republic has fallen in such fashion.
Barnier encountered resistance in the weeks that followed as he pushed a financial plan aimed at curbing France’s budget deficit. In a last appeal before the vote, Barnier said the deficit “will not disappear by the magic of a motion of censure.”