8
8
0
Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi]); 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, politician and nationalist.[1] He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times[5] and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland" along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini.
Garibaldi has been called the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Garibaldi was appointed general by the provisional government of Milan in 1848, General of the Roman Republic in 1849 by the Minister of War, and led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf and with the consent of Victor Emmanuel II. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges.
Garibaldi was very popular in Italy and abroad, aided by exceptional international media coverage at the time. Many of the greatest intellectuals of his time, such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, and George Sand, showered him with admiration. The United Kingdom and the United States helped him a great deal, offering him financial and military support in difficult circumstances. In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts worn by his volunteers, the Garibaldini, in lieu of a uniform.
Garibaldi has been called the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Garibaldi was appointed general by the provisional government of Milan in 1848, General of the Roman Republic in 1849 by the Minister of War, and led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf and with the consent of Victor Emmanuel II. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges.
Garibaldi was very popular in Italy and abroad, aided by exceptional international media coverage at the time. Many of the greatest intellectuals of his time, such as Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, and George Sand, showered him with admiration. The United Kingdom and the United States helped him a great deal, offering him financial and military support in difficult circumstances. In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts worn by his volunteers, the Garibaldini, in lieu of a uniform.
Giuseppe Garibaldi - Wikipedia
Posted from en.wikipedia.org
Birthday
World History
Italy
Edited >1 y ago
Posted >1 y ago
Responses: 3
4
4
0
A really fascinating character, learned some about him while living in Italy.
(4)
(0)
3
3
0
1
1
0
6.1.27 The Unification Of Italy
Paper VI History of Modern Europe c. AD 1780-1945
Thank you my friend Maj Marty Hogan for making us aware that July 4 is the anniversary of the birth of Italian general, politician and nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi who is best known for his military leadership in the unification of Italy in the 19th century.
Background from biographyonline.net/politicians/europe/giuseppe-garibaldi.html
"Giuseppe Garibaldi Biography
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). Garibaldi was a central figure in the Nineteenth Century movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi became an international figure synonymous with promoting national independence and republican ideals. He led successful military campaigns in both Latin America and Europe and became known as the ‘hero of two worlds’. His efforts in Italy played a very significant role in leading to Italian unification.
Early life Garibaldi
Garibaldi was born 4 July 1807 in Nice, France. His family were fishermen and coastal traders, and for 10 years he served as a sailor himself. In 1833, he served in the Navy of Piedmont-Sardinia. During a voyage to Russia, Garibaldi became acquainted with the Republican ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi enthusiastically supported the aims of Mazzini’s Young Italy and became a life-long supporter of Italian unification under a democratic Republican government. In 1834, Garibaldi participated in a failed insurrection in Piedmont, and like Mazzini was exiled to France.
Garibaldi in Latin America
From Marseille, Garibaldi sailed to Brazil, where he became involved in the cause of Farrapos (Ragamuffin) rebels who were trying to proclaim another republic within Santa Catarina, Brazil. Garibaldi also became involved in the Uruguayan civil war, raising a small Italian force. Here in Uruguay, Garibaldi’s forces became well known for wearing their distinctive red shirts, and they were often referred to as the ‘red shirts.’
The fight for Italian independence
In 1846, news from Italy encouraged Garibaldi to return home. In 1846, the new Pope, Pius IX instituted liberal reforms which encouraged Garibaldi to be hopeful of progressive change. In the revolutionary year of 1848, Garibaldi found himself back in Italy and he offered his services to the Sardinian Monarch – Charles Albert. Although Garibaldi was a Republican, he was willing to sacrifice his republican ideals in the hope of supporting Italian unification first. However, despite minor success at Luino and Morazzone, the First Italian War of Independence was unsuccessful.
In 1849, Garibaldi was in Rome, which had just been declared a Republic, however, it was under attack from French forces loyal to the Pope. At the request of Mazzini, Garibaldi led the military defence of Rome and scarcely escaped with his life. Faced with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the French, Garibaldi had to withdraw his forces to the Apennine mountains.
Depleted in resources and lacking the support of the government, Garibaldi was forced to emigrate again. This time he moved to New York, US where he joined a community of Italian expats. But, Garibaldi was soon on the move again, sailing a trading ship ‘The Carmen’ around the world. In 1854, Garibaldi sailed in another ship for Tyneside, England. As in many other parts of the world, Garibaldi was warmly welcomed by the working men of Tyneside, who saw Garibaldi as a defender of democratic ideals and opposing injustice.
Garibaldi returned to Italia in 1854, when he used an inheritance to buy a farm on a northern island of Sardinia. For a few years, he was able to devote himself to agriculture. However, in 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence broke out and Garibaldi was appointed a major general with a guerilla force based in the Alps.
Garibaldi felt supporting the Piedmontese monarchy was the best chance of achieving Italian unification and so he again sidelined his republican ideals to work towards the ideal of Italian unification.
Campaign of 1860
In 1860, he successfully led a relatively small force to military victory in Sicily. By defeating the Neapolitan troops with a diverse band of volunteers and local peasant support, Garibaldi gained worldwide renown and became a hero for the Italian cause.
After conquering Sicily, he sailed to mainland Italy (with the help of the British Royal Navy) and led his growing volunteer army to Naples. The advancing army was welcomed by the Italian population. But, it was with the help of the Piedmontese Army that Garibaldi was able to defeat the large organised Neapolitan army.
Garibaldi would have like to continue his march onto Rome and create an Italian republic. But, he knew his army was too small – relying on his much stronger Piedmontese ally. Garibaldi agreed to give his recent gains in Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II – King of Piedmont as a way to effectively promote Italian unity. Garibaldi saw Victor Emmanuel II as the figure who could most effectively bring about the unification of Italy.
“Providence has presented Italy with Victor Emmanuel. Every Italian should rally round him. By the side of Victor Emmanuel every quarrel should be forgotten, all rancor depart. Once more I repeat my battle-cry: “To arms, all-all of you!””
– To Arms, 1860
This meeting on the 26 October 1860 is considered a very significant date in the quest for Italian unity. Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy, and this helped cement the idea of Italian unity. After this momentous occasion, Garibaldi rode to Naples not wishing to receive any accolades for his services.
Later Campaigns
Although this was a step towards unity, Mazzini and Garibaldi still desired to see a republic and also see the inclusion of Rome and the Papal States.
Assuming he would have the support of the new Italian government, Garibaldi marched to Rome against the forces of Napoleon III. However, fearing the reaction of Catholic forces sympathetic to the Pope, the Italian government refused to back Garibaldi’s attempt. They even sent Italian forces to defend Rome against Garibaldi. Garibaldi was injured in the foot, but the fighting ended quickly. Garibaldi did not want his soldiers firing on fellow Italians. Again, Garibaldi was willing to swallow his pride for the long-term goal of Italian unity.
Garibaldi returned to fight for Italy in the Third Italian War of Independence. Garibaldi led his Alpine troops in Trentino and was moderately successful. Due to the strength of Italy’s ally – Prussia, Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but Garibaldi’s gains in Trentino were lost.
Garibaldi continued to agitate for the end of the papacy and led another small force against the Rome garrison. But, Garibaldi was unsuccessful and suffered another injury.
Garibaldi the Internationalist
Garibaldi dedicated his life to the cause of Italian unity, but he was also interested in democracy throughout the world. In 1861 at the outbreak of the American civil war, he urged Abraham Lincoln to make the civil war conditional upon ending slavery. Garibaldi was held in such high regard, that Garibaldi was even offered a command in the Union army. Garibaldi rejected the offer because he wanted Lincoln to make firm opposition to slavery. When Lincoln finally agreed to the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Garibaldi threw his whole political support behind Lincoln’s endeavour.
In 1870, the fall of the Second French Empire led to the creation of a new French republic. Despite fighting French forces for many years, Garibaldi was true to his Republican principles and switched allegiances in 1870 to offer his support to the new French Republic.
“Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.”
As was typical with Garibaldi, he backed up words with deeds and went to France to assume command of an army of volunteers.
In 1879, Garibaldi founded the “League of Democracy” this advocated universal suffrage, female emancipation, the abolition of ecclesiastical property and a standing army for national unity.
Along with Giuseppe Mazzini, Garibaldi supported the creation of a European federation. He expressed an expectation that it would be a greater Germany that would lead a united Europe.
Garibaldi died on 2 June 1882, at the age of 75. He wished to have a simple cremation, though he was buried by his farm on the island of Caprera.
Personal Beliefs
Garibaldi was strongly anti-clerical and anti-papacy. However, in some writings, he supported Christianity.
“I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians – I am a true Christian, and I speak to true Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery…”
However, his approach to Christianity was more individualistic with little interest in the church.
He was a leading figure in the Il Risorgimento (Unification of Italy). He was a member of Mazzini’s Young Italy and the Carbonari. Towards the end of his life, he became more sympathetic to socialism, but generally, he didn’t concentrate on social reform.
He was also a Freemason and saw the organisation as an opportunity to spread progressive ideas within an international movement.
Garibaldi was considered to be an honest man without desire for great name and fame. This personal nobility and his military victories helped to gain the support and love of many ordinary people. His sincerity attracted many to support his cause of Italian unification. Ironically, despite being a great military strategist, Garibaldi became increasingly wary of war and expressed pacifist ideals towards the end of his life.
He was married three times and had four children with his first wife, Anita."
Paper VI History of Modern Europe c. AD 1780-1945
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jgKpaejUuk
FYI LTC Bill Koski CW5 (Join to see) MSG Brad Sand SGM Steve Wettstein SSG James J. Palmer IV aka "JP4" SP5 Mark Kuzinski SrA Christopher Wright PO1 William "Chip" Nagel PO1 John Miller SP5 Robert Ruck SPC (Join to see) PO3 Steven Sherrill SN Greg Wright SCPO Morris Ramsey TSgt Joe C. Cpl Joshua Caldwell SGT Michael Thorin SP5 Dave (Shotgun) Shockley SPC Margaret Higgins
Background from biographyonline.net/politicians/europe/giuseppe-garibaldi.html
"Giuseppe Garibaldi Biography
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). Garibaldi was a central figure in the Nineteenth Century movement for Italian unification. Garibaldi became an international figure synonymous with promoting national independence and republican ideals. He led successful military campaigns in both Latin America and Europe and became known as the ‘hero of two worlds’. His efforts in Italy played a very significant role in leading to Italian unification.
Early life Garibaldi
Garibaldi was born 4 July 1807 in Nice, France. His family were fishermen and coastal traders, and for 10 years he served as a sailor himself. In 1833, he served in the Navy of Piedmont-Sardinia. During a voyage to Russia, Garibaldi became acquainted with the Republican ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi enthusiastically supported the aims of Mazzini’s Young Italy and became a life-long supporter of Italian unification under a democratic Republican government. In 1834, Garibaldi participated in a failed insurrection in Piedmont, and like Mazzini was exiled to France.
Garibaldi in Latin America
From Marseille, Garibaldi sailed to Brazil, where he became involved in the cause of Farrapos (Ragamuffin) rebels who were trying to proclaim another republic within Santa Catarina, Brazil. Garibaldi also became involved in the Uruguayan civil war, raising a small Italian force. Here in Uruguay, Garibaldi’s forces became well known for wearing their distinctive red shirts, and they were often referred to as the ‘red shirts.’
The fight for Italian independence
In 1846, news from Italy encouraged Garibaldi to return home. In 1846, the new Pope, Pius IX instituted liberal reforms which encouraged Garibaldi to be hopeful of progressive change. In the revolutionary year of 1848, Garibaldi found himself back in Italy and he offered his services to the Sardinian Monarch – Charles Albert. Although Garibaldi was a Republican, he was willing to sacrifice his republican ideals in the hope of supporting Italian unification first. However, despite minor success at Luino and Morazzone, the First Italian War of Independence was unsuccessful.
In 1849, Garibaldi was in Rome, which had just been declared a Republic, however, it was under attack from French forces loyal to the Pope. At the request of Mazzini, Garibaldi led the military defence of Rome and scarcely escaped with his life. Faced with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the French, Garibaldi had to withdraw his forces to the Apennine mountains.
Depleted in resources and lacking the support of the government, Garibaldi was forced to emigrate again. This time he moved to New York, US where he joined a community of Italian expats. But, Garibaldi was soon on the move again, sailing a trading ship ‘The Carmen’ around the world. In 1854, Garibaldi sailed in another ship for Tyneside, England. As in many other parts of the world, Garibaldi was warmly welcomed by the working men of Tyneside, who saw Garibaldi as a defender of democratic ideals and opposing injustice.
Garibaldi returned to Italia in 1854, when he used an inheritance to buy a farm on a northern island of Sardinia. For a few years, he was able to devote himself to agriculture. However, in 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence broke out and Garibaldi was appointed a major general with a guerilla force based in the Alps.
Garibaldi felt supporting the Piedmontese monarchy was the best chance of achieving Italian unification and so he again sidelined his republican ideals to work towards the ideal of Italian unification.
Campaign of 1860
In 1860, he successfully led a relatively small force to military victory in Sicily. By defeating the Neapolitan troops with a diverse band of volunteers and local peasant support, Garibaldi gained worldwide renown and became a hero for the Italian cause.
After conquering Sicily, he sailed to mainland Italy (with the help of the British Royal Navy) and led his growing volunteer army to Naples. The advancing army was welcomed by the Italian population. But, it was with the help of the Piedmontese Army that Garibaldi was able to defeat the large organised Neapolitan army.
Garibaldi would have like to continue his march onto Rome and create an Italian republic. But, he knew his army was too small – relying on his much stronger Piedmontese ally. Garibaldi agreed to give his recent gains in Sicily to Victor Emmanuel II – King of Piedmont as a way to effectively promote Italian unity. Garibaldi saw Victor Emmanuel II as the figure who could most effectively bring about the unification of Italy.
“Providence has presented Italy with Victor Emmanuel. Every Italian should rally round him. By the side of Victor Emmanuel every quarrel should be forgotten, all rancor depart. Once more I repeat my battle-cry: “To arms, all-all of you!””
– To Arms, 1860
This meeting on the 26 October 1860 is considered a very significant date in the quest for Italian unity. Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy, and this helped cement the idea of Italian unity. After this momentous occasion, Garibaldi rode to Naples not wishing to receive any accolades for his services.
Later Campaigns
Although this was a step towards unity, Mazzini and Garibaldi still desired to see a republic and also see the inclusion of Rome and the Papal States.
Assuming he would have the support of the new Italian government, Garibaldi marched to Rome against the forces of Napoleon III. However, fearing the reaction of Catholic forces sympathetic to the Pope, the Italian government refused to back Garibaldi’s attempt. They even sent Italian forces to defend Rome against Garibaldi. Garibaldi was injured in the foot, but the fighting ended quickly. Garibaldi did not want his soldiers firing on fellow Italians. Again, Garibaldi was willing to swallow his pride for the long-term goal of Italian unity.
Garibaldi returned to fight for Italy in the Third Italian War of Independence. Garibaldi led his Alpine troops in Trentino and was moderately successful. Due to the strength of Italy’s ally – Prussia, Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but Garibaldi’s gains in Trentino were lost.
Garibaldi continued to agitate for the end of the papacy and led another small force against the Rome garrison. But, Garibaldi was unsuccessful and suffered another injury.
Garibaldi the Internationalist
Garibaldi dedicated his life to the cause of Italian unity, but he was also interested in democracy throughout the world. In 1861 at the outbreak of the American civil war, he urged Abraham Lincoln to make the civil war conditional upon ending slavery. Garibaldi was held in such high regard, that Garibaldi was even offered a command in the Union army. Garibaldi rejected the offer because he wanted Lincoln to make firm opposition to slavery. When Lincoln finally agreed to the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, Garibaldi threw his whole political support behind Lincoln’s endeavour.
In 1870, the fall of the Second French Empire led to the creation of a new French republic. Despite fighting French forces for many years, Garibaldi was true to his Republican principles and switched allegiances in 1870 to offer his support to the new French Republic.
“Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means.”
As was typical with Garibaldi, he backed up words with deeds and went to France to assume command of an army of volunteers.
In 1879, Garibaldi founded the “League of Democracy” this advocated universal suffrage, female emancipation, the abolition of ecclesiastical property and a standing army for national unity.
Along with Giuseppe Mazzini, Garibaldi supported the creation of a European federation. He expressed an expectation that it would be a greater Germany that would lead a united Europe.
Garibaldi died on 2 June 1882, at the age of 75. He wished to have a simple cremation, though he was buried by his farm on the island of Caprera.
Personal Beliefs
Garibaldi was strongly anti-clerical and anti-papacy. However, in some writings, he supported Christianity.
“I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians – I am a true Christian, and I speak to true Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery…”
However, his approach to Christianity was more individualistic with little interest in the church.
He was a leading figure in the Il Risorgimento (Unification of Italy). He was a member of Mazzini’s Young Italy and the Carbonari. Towards the end of his life, he became more sympathetic to socialism, but generally, he didn’t concentrate on social reform.
He was also a Freemason and saw the organisation as an opportunity to spread progressive ideas within an international movement.
Garibaldi was considered to be an honest man without desire for great name and fame. This personal nobility and his military victories helped to gain the support and love of many ordinary people. His sincerity attracted many to support his cause of Italian unification. Ironically, despite being a great military strategist, Garibaldi became increasingly wary of war and expressed pacifist ideals towards the end of his life.
He was married three times and had four children with his first wife, Anita."
Paper VI History of Modern Europe c. AD 1780-1945
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jgKpaejUuk
FYI LTC Bill Koski CW5 (Join to see) MSG Brad Sand SGM Steve Wettstein SSG James J. Palmer IV aka "JP4" SP5 Mark Kuzinski SrA Christopher Wright PO1 William "Chip" Nagel PO1 John Miller SP5 Robert Ruck SPC (Join to see) PO3 Steven Sherrill SN Greg Wright SCPO Morris Ramsey TSgt Joe C. Cpl Joshua Caldwell SGT Michael Thorin SP5 Dave (Shotgun) Shockley SPC Margaret Higgins
(1)
(0)
Read This Next
Continue with Facebook 
Continue with Google