Posted on Apr 8, 2021
Army recruits with marijuana histories and behavioral health issues not riskier
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U.S. Army recruits with a documented history of marijuana or behavioral health conditions are not riskier and, in some cases, perform better, according to a data analysis released March 11.
Beth J. Asch, lead author of the Army-requested Rand Arroyo Center study, “An Empirical Assessment of the U.S. Army’s Enlistment Waiver Policies,” told RallyPoint that the findings provide commanders with the “ability to make a more accurate assessment” of risk when issuing waivers from Army enlistment standards, which are the basic qualifications to serve.
Assessing performance among Army applicants
Based on Army regulation 601-210, the standards cover categories including age, aptitude, character and conduct, and drug and alcohol use. The waiver authority is granted, the Rand analysis says, so the Army “does not unnecessarily disqualify applicants who could be successful.”
According to the study, waivers are granted to an average of just 15% of the 60,000-70,000 recruits in a given year.
Although used sparingly, the waiver authority often draws outsized scrutiny, from the media, external observers and others. According to the study authors, waiver policy changes can generate concern “among policymakers about the lowering of enlistment standards in the Army and the potential for a ‘hollow force’ that is significantly less effective” than at earlier points in history.
Changing social trends impact applicant pool
Yet Army waiver and conduct policies change throughout history, as society changes. Rand cites one example from 2015, when the Army loosened its own conduct standard on tattoos.
Rand’s new analysis looks at two more recent social trends impacting the Army applicant pool: a growing number of states expanding legalization of marijuana, and the rising prevalence in children of behavioral health diagnoses such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression.
With this in-depth analysis, Asch said, the Army now has long-term data to strengthen its waiver-assessment approach.
Researchers looked at potentially “millions” of records, she said, analyzing 12 years of data from fiscal 2001-2012, in the first known review of waiver workflow information from the U.S. Army Human Resources Command. Key findings in the report include:
Waivered recruits with marijuana histories or behavioral health conditions were not more likely to have bad outcomes than similar recruits and sometimes, the historical analysis showed, performed better.
There are not yet indicators that state expansion of marijuana legalization laws changed recruit outcomes, for better or worse.
Increasing waivers of any type — including for marijuana history or behavioral health condition — would not appreciably change the performance of a new-recruit group and could improve that cohort’s performance. But, the authors conclude, “any changes are relatively small.”
Improving recruitment and education
Asch said the analysis provides commanders with guidance on how to offset “performance-related outcomes” among waivered recruits: Find candidates that also score well on their Armed Forces Qualification Test in categories I-IIIA, have Tier 1 education status (e.g., a high school diploma) and are age 22 or older.
These three traits “fully or partially mitigated the higher likelihood of adverse effects related to performance or misconduct,” the authors say.
Public education is also needed to counteract what Asch said is the sometimes “fundamental misunderstanding of what waivers mean,” noting that they’ve long helped determine eligibility for military service.
“The Army should create, disseminate, and use a clear definition that highlights that all waivered recruits are qualified and eligible to enlist,” the analysis says, “even if they do not meet every enlistment standard, and that the enlistment standards allow for waivers.”
Learn more
Download both the full document and a synopsis of the Rand Arroyo Center analysis: https://rly.pt/3s2q3I3
Beth J. Asch, lead author of the Army-requested Rand Arroyo Center study, “An Empirical Assessment of the U.S. Army’s Enlistment Waiver Policies,” told RallyPoint that the findings provide commanders with the “ability to make a more accurate assessment” of risk when issuing waivers from Army enlistment standards, which are the basic qualifications to serve.
Assessing performance among Army applicants
Based on Army regulation 601-210, the standards cover categories including age, aptitude, character and conduct, and drug and alcohol use. The waiver authority is granted, the Rand analysis says, so the Army “does not unnecessarily disqualify applicants who could be successful.”
According to the study, waivers are granted to an average of just 15% of the 60,000-70,000 recruits in a given year.
Although used sparingly, the waiver authority often draws outsized scrutiny, from the media, external observers and others. According to the study authors, waiver policy changes can generate concern “among policymakers about the lowering of enlistment standards in the Army and the potential for a ‘hollow force’ that is significantly less effective” than at earlier points in history.
Changing social trends impact applicant pool
Yet Army waiver and conduct policies change throughout history, as society changes. Rand cites one example from 2015, when the Army loosened its own conduct standard on tattoos.
Rand’s new analysis looks at two more recent social trends impacting the Army applicant pool: a growing number of states expanding legalization of marijuana, and the rising prevalence in children of behavioral health diagnoses such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression.
With this in-depth analysis, Asch said, the Army now has long-term data to strengthen its waiver-assessment approach.
Researchers looked at potentially “millions” of records, she said, analyzing 12 years of data from fiscal 2001-2012, in the first known review of waiver workflow information from the U.S. Army Human Resources Command. Key findings in the report include:
Waivered recruits with marijuana histories or behavioral health conditions were not more likely to have bad outcomes than similar recruits and sometimes, the historical analysis showed, performed better.
There are not yet indicators that state expansion of marijuana legalization laws changed recruit outcomes, for better or worse.
Increasing waivers of any type — including for marijuana history or behavioral health condition — would not appreciably change the performance of a new-recruit group and could improve that cohort’s performance. But, the authors conclude, “any changes are relatively small.”
Improving recruitment and education
Asch said the analysis provides commanders with guidance on how to offset “performance-related outcomes” among waivered recruits: Find candidates that also score well on their Armed Forces Qualification Test in categories I-IIIA, have Tier 1 education status (e.g., a high school diploma) and are age 22 or older.
These three traits “fully or partially mitigated the higher likelihood of adverse effects related to performance or misconduct,” the authors say.
Public education is also needed to counteract what Asch said is the sometimes “fundamental misunderstanding of what waivers mean,” noting that they’ve long helped determine eligibility for military service.
“The Army should create, disseminate, and use a clear definition that highlights that all waivered recruits are qualified and eligible to enlist,” the analysis says, “even if they do not meet every enlistment standard, and that the enlistment standards allow for waivers.”
Learn more
Download both the full document and a synopsis of the Rand Arroyo Center analysis: https://rly.pt/3s2q3I3
Posted >1 y ago
Responses: 9
Never had a problem with the marijuana issue as a recruiting commander but it was policy to no let in. We plead the case and won where minimal or recreational use less than so many times it was no problem as long as you never did it again as long as you were on active duty and it was in your past. Depending on the behavioral health issue well, it depends on the issue and the severity. Most kids are diagnosed with behavioral issues because tier parents don't want to deal with them being kids...kids will do stupid things...we all did. But when a lot of them get someone that cares about them, holds them accountable, and gives them meaning above that they are part of something bigger then themselves they work out fine.
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SSG John Oliver
I have to agree with you on which behavioral problems were in the past. Case in point Bowe Berghdal. How the hell was he granted a waiver when he couldn't hack it in CG bootcamp? We all know the rest....
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Lt Col Scott Shuttleworth
SSG John Oliver - You get one shot and you blow it you don't get another...great example.
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CPT Lawrence Cable
I would comment that a lot of behavior issues with mainly male children are instigated in the school system, where being a boy is punished these days. While they asked the marijuana question when I enlisted, they also let you know that you wouldn't be tested for the first 30 days and we were not tested at MEPS.
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Sounds legit to me. Really, if there isn't a downside, then we should consider amending the entrance standards.
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SFC Casey O'Mally
Not necessarily. Keep in mind that this is discussing folks who actually received waivers. We can safely presume that the overwhelming majority of these waivers went to folks who were "borderline" or only "minor cases." I doubt Snoop Dogg, Cheech Marian, Tommy Chong, or Williie Nelson are getting that marijuana waiver.
Same thing for behavioral health. Maybe a 25 year old who had teenage depression and has since outgrown it - or a 19 year old who had ADHD and outgrew it - might be suitable now. But only if we can show that they have overcome/outgrown their problems - meaning a waiver should be used.
Same thing for behavioral health. Maybe a 25 year old who had teenage depression and has since outgrown it - or a 19 year old who had ADHD and outgrew it - might be suitable now. But only if we can show that they have overcome/outgrown their problems - meaning a waiver should be used.
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I somewhat disagree. I had "dopers" who were EXCELLENT workers. How did I know they were "using"--they got caught or the "grapevine" told me. REMEMBER: If they don't show signs of "intoxication", in most cases, no one will test them. Behavioral problem individuals, are behavioral problems. They always think they are being taken advanced of and usually "act out"--bad checks, AWOL, missed appointments, DWI, poor driving record. My opinion, [with it and $7.50 you can buy a cup of coffee at Starbucks], keep the marijuana used, ditch the behavior individuals. Which one would you trust your life with?
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1LT John Mills
I could not disagree more. I am a psychiatric nurse and served 5 years as such. There is much confusion over behavioral conditions and mental health. There used to much distinction prior to the new DSM. I was discharged after a misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder when I was actually suffering from depression caused by exhaustion. I have been out for 9 years now and have had absolutely no problems since getting the right diagnosis. I haven’t been in medications for 6 years. I am actively working on my graduate degree. I can’t find a recruiter to work with me. The one size fits all approach does not work. And quite frankly I find that it is a lazy way out. Additionally I was never in trouble never got a driving ticket, wrote a bad check, drank any alcohol or did drugs. My commander actually told me to refuse the med board and resign my commission so that I’d be able to try to come back in later because she thought the diagnosis was crap
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SMSgt Bob W.
John, Mental Health was never discussed in the discussion until you brought it in. We are NOT talking medical board discharges or mental health issues here. We are talking "discipline" issues. I stand by my statement that "...Behavioral [discipline] problem individuals..." should be discharged. Good luck on your graduate degree.
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SMSgt Bob W.
John, I will admit that the study discussed "social" disorders--attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and depression. Personally, I feel "depression" is over diagnosed--especially in children and teens. My experience with depression is there is an underlining issue. I worked many years with a person with an "anxiety disorder"--about once every six to eight weeks we would experienced a "meltdown". Once that occurred, they were done for the week [military can't have anyone like that]. ADHD, my experience has been with children and sports. SOME ADHD children can't follow directions in a critical situation--[baseball] individual on third base, the batter [ADHD player] is instructed to bunt down the third base line. The player elects to swing for the fence, and hit a fly ball to the first baseman. [Military should evaluation the degree of disorder. Some ADHD people CAN become very productive in the military. My belief is a lot of the ADHD diagnosis is incorrect, and ,especially in children, it is disciplinary issues].
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MCPO Roger Collins
Not my opinion while on AD, but agree with your take now. Treat it just as you do booze.
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